Compehenie DNA Healh Repo
Welcome o he fe of healh and hman poenial
Name: Sample Paien Repo
DOB: 7/9/82
Bacode: DC0001481
Dae: 10/26/22
1
MACRONUTRIENT
METABOLISM
2
APOE Sa: 3/3
F
Yo ae a Fame
ApoE-e4 ApoE-e3 ApoE-e2
Apolipopoein E (ApoE) i a lipid-binding poein ha anpo iglceide
and choleeol in mliple ie, inclding he bain. The e2 and e3 allele
ae mo common in agiclal commniie, hile he e4 allele i common
in hne-gahee commniie.
ApoE 3/3 i he mo common ApoE genope fond in agiclal
commniie and ha nmeo bene
Eended cogniie ne and enhanced epeion of ani-aging
iin
Impoed HDL and LDL pole
Impoed abili o epai nape and neal poecion
Highe ial poecion
Highe epone o plan bioacie compond
In he bain, e2 and e3 accmlae in neon 2 o 4-fold highe han
e4
Poein Reiemen
Poein
AVERAGE INCREASED HIGH
Tadiional poein inake ange baed on laide fom le han 18% of oal
caloie o appoimael 35% in he fa nohen climae. Recommended
poein inake aie baed on eigh and eecie ineni.
Geneicall, o eiemen fall on he aeage ide of he
pecm, appoimael 18-20% of oal caloic inake
Cabohdae Reiemen
Cabohdae
VERY LOW LOW AVERAGE
Yo cabohdae inake ange i baed on he laide of o anceo
and hehe a hne-gahee die o moden agiclal die made a lage
impin on o gene.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih impoed
cabohdae meabolim, alloing 40% o 55% of oal caloie fom
cabohdae if deied
Fo a 2,000 caloie die, hi come o 200 o 275 gam of
cabohdae pe da
Cabohdae Reiemen
Rened
Cabohdae
LESS RISK SLIGHT RISK HIGH RISK
The dieence beeen epone in indiidal o ened cabohdae
hae been linked o a geneic adapaion occing ding he agiclal
age.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an adapaion fo loeing he
eniii o ened cabohdae
3
Fa Reiemen
Omega-3'
AVERAGE INCREASED HIGH
The NIH ha e he ecommended inake of omega-3' fom 1.1 o 1.6 gam
pe da fom a combinaion of ALA, EPA and DHA. Omega-3 fa acid ae
eenial fo bain, ee, and cadioacla healh.
Yo genope combinaion ae aociaed ih a highe
eiemen of EPA and DHA
ApoE e2 and e3 caie can bene fom non-phopholipid h oil
inake, hoee, e4 caie hold e phopholipid-baed EPA and
DHA a fond in h and h oe
Fo ApoE e4 caie, h oil pplemen do no appea a eecie
a phopholipid-baed EPA and DHA a fond in h and h oe
E4 caie ma hae impaied anpo of fee DHA and eie
phopholipid fo ccefl anpo
Fa Reiemen
Mononaaed
and
Polnaaed
AVERAGE INCREASED HIGH
Tadiional oal fa inake ange baed on laide, ih a lo a 25%
conmed in conie cloe o he eao, and p o 55% of oal caloie
fom fa being conmed in nohen laide.
Geneic eing can ho hich fa o foc on, b oal fa ill
ange baed on o climae and healh goal
Yo genope ae aociaed ih a highe emphai on
mononaaed and polnaaed fa fom olie oil, aocado,
pol, n and eed
Fa Reiemen
Saaed Fa
(Red Mea)
VERY LOW LOW AVERAGE
The 2020 Diea Gideline in he U.S. ecommend limiing caloie fom
aaed fa o le han 10% of he oal caloie o ea and dink each
da. Tha abo 200 caloie fo a 2,000 caloie die. Tadiionall, aaed
fa inake fom animal food anged baed on he eaon and he
geogaphical locaion, ih highe laide and moe monaino egion
conming moe.
Baed on o genope combinaion, o hold aim o ge le
aaed fa in o die fom ed mea
Limi o ed mea conmpion o ice a eek
Fa Reiemen
Saaed Fa
(Dai)
VERY LOW LOW AVERAGE
The 2020 Diea Gideline in he U.S. ecommend limiing caloie fom
aaed fa o le han 10% of he oal caloie o ea and dink each
da. Tha 200 caloie fo a 2,000 caloie die.
Yo genope combinaion ae aociaed ih beneing fom
geing le han 22 gam of aaed fa in o die, epeciall
fom dai
4
Miconien Reiemen
B1 (Thiamine)
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo hiamine i 1.2mg. Thiamine
eiemen ae analed baed on ehanol meabolim, hoee, chonic
inake of alcohol deplee hiamine.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an aeage need fo B1
Miconien Reiemen
B2 (Riboain)
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo iboain i 1.3mg. Riboain i
ed a a co-faco fo nmeo eacion aociaed ih poein, fa, and
cabohdae meabolim. Riboain eiemen ae analed baed on
MTHFR gene fncion.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe han aeage need fo B2
B2 i high in lie (2.8mg), lamb (0.4mg), almon (0.8mg), og
(0.6mg) and oe mhoom (0.3mg)
Miconien Reiemen
B3 (Niacin)
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo niacin i 16mg. Niacin age
gene aociaed ih cadioacla and kin healh, hile alo balancing
mehlaion leel.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe eniii o lo niacin
inake
Niacin in high in ellon na (37.5mg), canned na (21.9mg), ild
almon (17mg), gond ke (20mg), chicken bea (16mg), lie
(14.2mg), ki eak (9.5mg), hie bon mhoom (6.8mg), and
bon ice (5.2mg)
Miconien Reiemen
B6 (Pidoine)
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo B6 i 1.7mg. B6 decienc can
manife a anoeia, iiabili, anie, depeion, mcle pain, bad
PMS/lo pogeeone, naea, eie, migaine, demaii, age elaed
macla degeneaion (ih lo folae and B12) and lehag.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an aeage need fo B6
5
Miconien Reiemen
B9 (Folae)
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo folae i 400mcg. Folae i one
of he - if no mo - inenial nigenomic miconien. I ha a poefl
inence on gene elaed o pegnanc, homoceine, and cance
peenion.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe han aeage need fo
folae
Folae i depleed b poon pmp inhibio, oal conacepie,
NSAID, aniconlan, aniial, anibioic, and anacid
Folae i high in lie (3 o., 215mg), collad geen (1 cp cooked,
177mcg), bee (1 cp a, 148mcg), black-eed pea (1/2 cp,
105mg), a pinach (1 cp 58mg), apaag (4 pea, 89mg),
hmm (1/2 cp, 83mcg), boccoli (1/2 cp cooked, 52mg), omaine
lece (1 cp, 64mg), abeie (1 cp, 40mcg), oange (1 hole,
39mcg), poed lenil (1/2 cp, 38mcg), and pale (1 pig,
15.2mg)
Miconien Reiemen
B12 (Cobalamin)
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo B12 i 2.4mcg. B12 inence
gene elaed o homoceine, bain healh, pegnanc, and eneg. B12
eiemen ae baed on em leel aociaed ih he FUT2 gene.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an aeage eiemen fo B12
Miconien Reiemen
Boon
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo boon ha no been e, b 1-
3mg i conideed adeae. Boon i conneced o bone healh, homone
healh and healh SAMe leel fo bain healh. Men ih lo eoeone
and omen ih oeopooi o oeopenia ill bene fom moe boon.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe eniii o lo boon
inake
Boon i highe in pne (10 pne, 1.18mg) aocado (1/2 cp,
1.07mg), aiin (1.5 o, 0.95mg), peach (1 hole, .80mg), apple (1
hole, .66mg), pea (1 hole .50mg), and pean be (2
ablepoon, 0.46mg)
6
Miconien Reiemen
Choline & Beaine
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo choline i 550mg, hile beaine
han' been e. The moe beaine o conme, he le choline o eie.
Choline i ccial fo pegnanc, loe anie, peen fa lie, ai
deoicaion, and impoe memo.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe han aeage need fo
choline and beaine
Choline i depleed b nighime pain eliee, anihiamine, leep
aid, anidepean, inconinence dg and nacoic pain eliee
Inene endance eecie deplee choline leel, and inceaing
phophaidlcholine ha been fond o impoe eecie capaci
ding high-ineni ccling and nning, a ell a edce mcle
oene
Choline i highe in lie (3 o., 356mg), paed egg (2 egg,
294mg), beef ond (6 o., 234mg), hea (3 o., 194mg), chicken (6 o.,
144mg), ild cod (6 o., 142mg), bacon (3.5 o., 125mg), and edamame
(1/2 cp, 107mg)
Beaine i highe in pinach (3.5 o., 645mg), himp (3.5 o., 218mg),
bee (3.5 o., 200mg) and hole gain odogh hea bead (2
lice, 201mg)
Miconien Reiemen
Viamin A
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo iamin A i 900 mcg fo men
and 700 mcg pe da fo omen. Viamin A ai digeie lining epai, oal
healh, ee healh, ion mobiliaion, miochondia healh, kin healh, healh
lng fncion, and inceaed immni.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a 32% loe coneion ae of
bea-caoene o iamin A, making i impoan o inclde moe
animal-baed iamin A o hi o dail age
Viamin A i high in lie (3 o., 6,600mcg), paed egg (1 egg,
75mcg), cod lie oil (378mcg), ild almon oil (206mcg), pickled
heing (219mcg) and ockee almon (118mcg)
Miconien Reiemen
Viamin D
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo iamin D i 20mcg. Viamin D
ha a ide ole in immne fncion, bone healh, cadioala healh and
cance peenion.
Yo genope i aociaed ih belo aeage ciclaing leel of
iamin D
Viamin D i depleed b obei, peicide, a high fcoe inake,
aniconlan, babiae, benodiaepine, calcim channel
blocke, coicoeoid, anidepean, and bonchodilao
Viamin D i highe in ockee almon (6 o., 28.4mcg), cod lie oil (1
p., 11mcg), canned na (1 can, 6.7mcg), ild heing (3 o., 5.4mcg),
adine (1 can, 4mcg)
Miconien Reiemen
Viamin C
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo iamin C i 90mg, hoee, he
amon conmed in he Paleolihic ea a 400mg pe da. Sdie ho
he be el occ ih oe 500mg pe da. Eenie eeach ho
ha adeae iamin C edce he ik of cance, hea dieae, cold, ,
caaac, hpeenion and een depeion.
Yo genope i aociaed ih aeage em iamin C leel
7
Miconien Reiemen
Viamin E
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo iamin E i 15mg. Viamin E i
impoan fo anioidan poecion, kin healh, feili, bain healh, and
cadioacla healh.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe eniii o lo iamin E
inake
Viamin E i highe in noe eed (1 o., 7.4mg), almond (1 o.
7.3mg), aocado (1 hole, 4.2mg), pinach (1 cp cooked, 3.7mg),
ben ah op (1 cp, 2.6mg) and olie oil (1 ablepoon,
1.9mg)
Miconien Reiemen
Viamin K2
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo iamin K2 ha no been
eablihed, b baed on amon fond in food and eeach, 60-70mcg of
MK-4 and MK-7 i a good age. MK-4 age e homone, he bain,
poee ani-cance and ani-inammao acii, and alo ppo
bone healh. MK-7 i conideed bee fo edcing aeial calcicaion,
inceaing bone deni, ani-cance, impoing alia being (minimie
he de-minealiaion of enamel and enhance i e-minealiaion), and
inceaing cadiac op (12% inceae) in ahlee.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an aeage need fo K2
Miconien Reiemen
Magneim
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo magneim i 400mg, hoee,
highe amon ma be eied fo ceain indiidal, e leel and
ahlee. Magneim leel a daicall baed on he oil, and heefoe in
he food. Magneim i inoled in 300 biochemical eacion, and decienc
ha idepead eec on ee apec of healh. The mo common
mpom of lo magneim inclde calf camp a nigh, headache,
ahhmia, calcicaion, and mcle faige.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an aeage need fo magneim
Miconien Reiemen
Manganee
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo manganee ha no been e,
hoee, 1.8 o 2.3mg pe da i conideed adeae. Manganee ha a
pecial ole in poecing he miocondia of he cell again oici hogh
peoide dimae. Manganee i ccial fo hea healh, blood ga,
male feili, bone healh and poecing he bain again glamae oici.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe eniii o lo
manganee inake
Manganee i highe in mel (3 o., 5.8mg), ild blebeie (1/2
cp, 2.87mg), haeln (2 ablepoon, 1.6mg), pecan (2
ablepoon, 1.1mg), oe (3 o., 1mg), clam (3 o., 0.9mg),
hmm (1/2 cp, 0.9mg), pinach (1/2 cp cooked, 0.8mg), cliaed
blebeie (1/2 cp, .33mg)
8
Miconien Reiemen
Lihim
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo lihim ha no been e, ih
nomal inake anging fom 250mcg o 3mg. Sdie fond an aociaion
beeen highe leel of lihim in local ae and benecial clinical,
behaioal, legal and medical ocome. In he cone of o geneic
anali, e ae looking a lihim eiemen in egad o B12
anpoaion.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an aeage need fo lihim
Miconien Reiemen
Selenim
AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
The ecommended dail alloance (RDA) fo elenim i 55mcg. Selenim
leel in plan and animal food a daicall baed on he oil. Selenim i
a ccial mineal linked o nmeo gene inoled in glahione (he
mae anioidan), deoicaion, immni, hoid healh, kin healh, and
cance peenion.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an aeage need fo elenim
Fibe Reiemen
Pebioic Fibe
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
The ecommended amon of be i p o 25 gam pe da fo omen and
p o 38 gam pe da fo men.
Yo genope ae aociaed ih an aeage eiemen fo
pebioic be
9
Phonien Reiemen
Lein and
Zeaanhin
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
A ecommended dail inake of lein and eaanhin han' been
eablihed. Lein and eaanhin can help poec o ee fom hamfl
high-eneg ligh ae like UV nligh.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an inceaed need fo food high in
lein and eaanhin o ppo ee healh
Aond 700 caoenoid hae been dicoeed and onl lein and
eaanhin ae fond in he ee
Ameican adl picall conme 13 mg/da of lein and
eaanhin, he Spanih conme 3.5 mg/da, he Geman conme
5.33 mg/da, and olde Aalian conme 0.9mg pe da
Fo edcing he ik of ee diode, he eimaed age i 6mg o
moe of lein and eaanhin dail
The food highe in lein and eaanhin inclde cooked pinach
(1/2 cp, 12.64 mg lein), a pinach (1/2 cp, 6.6mg lein), cooked
kale (1/2 cp, 8.88mg lein), egg olk (1 egg, 237mcg lein and
216mcg eaanhin), and oange peppe (208mcg lein and
1665mcg eaanhin)
Phonien Reiemen
Polphenol
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Reeach ongl gge ha long em conmpion of die ich in plan
polphenol oe poecion again deelopmen of cance, cadioacla
dieae, diabee, oeopooi and neodegeneaie dieae.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a fa meabolim of polphenol,
hich mean o need a highe inake of polphenol o obain he
ame bene of ohe loe genope ha eie le
Polphenol fond in geen ea (alo in Kombcha), coee, chocolae
and all beie poide he mo bene of a highe inake
Phonien Reiemen
Cinnamon
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Cinnamon loe blood glcoe all iho caing hpoglcemia and
inceae aie.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an aeage need fo cinnamon o
conol blood ga
Phonien Reiemen
Ccifeo
Vegeable
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Iohiocanae fom ccifeo egeable ae knon fo hei ani-cance
acii. Ceain genope eie highe leel of hi ani-cance acii.
Yo genope combinaion ae aociaed ih a highe
eiemen of ccifeo egeable
Ccifeo egeable inclde boccoli, Bel po, cabbage,
calioe, adihe, nip, Bok cho, and aece
Aim fo 1-2 cp of ccifeo egeable pe da
10
Phonien Reiemen
Apigenin (Male)
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Apigenin i a aonoid ha poe ani-inammao, anioidan and ani-
cance popeie. Ceain genope eie highe leel fo poae
healh.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe han aeage need fo
apigenin fo poae healh
Apigenin i highe in died pale, cele and chamomile ea
Lacoe Toleance
Lacoe Toleance
TOLERANT ABOVE
AVERAGE
HIGH
Lacoe i he majo cabohdae in milk. The aial of faming in Eope
aond 8,500 ea ago neceiaed adapaion o ne enionmen,
pahogen, die, and ocial oganiaion. One of he be eample of
geneic diea change o hi i he lacae enme in nohen Eopean
ha onl dae o he la 4,000 ea.
Yo LCT genope i aociaed ih lacoe oleance
The abili o dige lacoe i mch moe common in people of
Eopean ance
Appoimael 32 pecen of he old poplaion i lacoe olean
Since hi gene onl look a lacoe, eniiiie o dai can ill
ei
Caeine Meabolim
Caeine
Meabolim
SLOW INTERMEDIATE FAST
Vaian in he CYP1A2 gene deemine he ae a hich o meabolie
caeine.
Yo ae an inemediae meabolie of caeine, meaning o bod
beak don caeine a an inemediae ae, giing o an aeage
eniii o he eec of inceaed conmpion
11
TOXIN SENSITIVITY
12
Toin Seniii
Mcooin
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Mcooin ae oic compond ha ae naall podced b ceain
pe of fngi. Reeach gge ha mcooin can deceae he
fomaion of glahione de o deceaed gene epeion of he enme
needed o fom glahione.
Yo genope i aociaed ih loe glahione leel hich ma
cae glahione depleion o occ a a fae ae and deceae
mcooin deoicaion
The highe epoe o mcooin can be in food gon o oed
in damp condiion
Thi ma inclde gain, n, con, coee, ine, bee, gape jice,
oghm, ice, died bean, apple, ple, cacao podc, and pice
Booing glahione can be accomplihed ih elenim, glcine,
ceine, alpha lipoic acid, iamin C, and ccifeo egeable
Toin Seniii
Xenoeogen
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Xenoeogen ae nheic homone dipo fond in plaic and
peicide.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a fae meabolim of
enoeogen, hich ma ai loeing he ciclaion and oic
acii
Toin Seniii
Occpaional
Toin
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Woke epoed o ceain chemical oe a long peiod in he
mealoking, peolem, agiclal indie and in gla facoie ae a
inceaed ik fo occpaional kin cance.
Yo genope ae aociaed ih an inceaed eniii o hee
oin
Foc on inc, elenim, niacin, and iamin C o impoe DNA
poecion fo kin healh
Ellagic acid, lein, eaanhin, cocoa polphenol, chaga ea, geen
ea and ci hae all been fond o help poec again kin
damage and canceo goh
Toin Seniii
Ehanol
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
ALDH2 encode fo aldehde dehdogenae, and aian can aec he
leel of acealdehde and heefoe he cacinogenic eec of alcohol.
Yo genope i no aociaed ih a highe ik of alcohol-elaed
adee eacion inclding hing, palpiaion, naea, headache,
doine, beahlene, and geneal dicomfo
13
Toin Seniii
Beno(a)pene
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Beno(a)pene i a cacinogenic compond podced fom he bning of
ood o ah, obacco moke, aphal, coal, dieel eha, chaed mea,
and ga cooking.
Yo genope combinaion ae aociaed ih deceaed
deoicaion of beno(a)pene
I i ecommended o inceae o inake of ccifeo egeable,
iamin C, iamin E, iamin A, eeaol, ccmin, geen ea, and
hie ea o poec and deoif beno(a)pene
Toin Seniii
Aomaic Amine
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Aomaic amine ae fond in cigaee, bbe facoie, hai de ha
conain 4-aminobiphenl, and mea cooked a high empeae.
Yo genope combinaion ae aociaed ih a poo
deoicaion abili of aomaic amine
I i ecommended o inceae ccifeo egeable inake,
caoenoid, and iamin C, and e mainade fo mea ih
babecing
Toin Seniii
Apaame
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Apaame i an aicial eeene ha ha been linked o behaioal,
neological and cogniie poblem, inceaed blood ga, hoid ie,
and ceain pe of cance.
Yo genope combinaion ma loe he eniii o apaame
Poible neophiological mpom inclde leaning poblem,
headache, eie, migaine, iiable mood, anie, depeion, and
inomnia
Aicial eeene in geneal inceaed ai cicmfeence 500
pecen hile apaame inceaed blood ga in diabee-pone
mice
Apaame ha been fond o conibe o he fomaion of mo in
he CNS ch a glioma, medlloblaoma, and
meningioma, inceaed lmphoma and lekemia, and i an
eciooin o bain neon
Apaame in he bod fhe meabolie o fomaldehde, and a
die fond ha fomaldehde (a a meabolie of apaame)
caed inceaed TSH leel and oen he capaci of he gland
leading o hoid faile
Toin Seniii
Food De
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Food de hae been fond o inhibi miochondial epiaion: he abili of
he poehoe of o cell o cone nien o eneg. The hae alo
been fond o epeciall aec hoe ih ADHD.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih a highe eniii o
food de
Aoid food and dink ha e food de hen poible
14
Peicide, Hebicide and Hea Meal
Seniii
Glphoae
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Glphoae i an hebicide ha ha been fond o be highl oic.
Yo genope i aociaed ih poeniall moe cellla damage
fom epoe o he hebicide glphoae
The highe glphoae leel hae been fond in non-oganic hea
and non-oganic ple like bean, lenil, and pea
A mea-anali of hman epidemiological die gge a link
beeen epoe o glphoae and an inceaed ik fo non-
Hodgkin lmphoma
An aociaion beeen glphoae and hoid dieae come fom
plo oe ime of he age of glphoae in he U.S. on con and o
ime-aligned ih plo of he incidence ae of hoid cance in he
U.S.
Manganee decienc and oici can occ imlaneol fom
glphoae epoe de o a dipion in lie enme, caing
anpoaion of manganee hogh he ag nee o he
bainem hee ece manganee can lead o Pakinon dieae
The g baceim Lacobacill i negaiel impaced b glphoae
and he depleion in aociaed ih celiac dieae
Hmic acid fom Shilaji ha been hon in io o edce glphoae
concenaion, inhibi he decie eec of glphoae on
benecial baceia, and poec and epai again igh jncion inj
of he digeie em
Peicide, Hebicide and Hea Meal
Seniii
Oganochloine
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Oganochloine ae fond in ceain peicide, PCB and caloe.
Yo genope i aociaed ih impoed poecion again
oganochloine
Peicide, Hebicide and Hea Meal
Seniii
Oganophophae
Inecicide
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
PON1 pla a lage ole in emoing peicide and i alo inoled ih
ppoing HDL fncion and LDL oidaion. Oganophophae ae a cla of
inecicide, inclding paahion and chlopifo, ha ee among he mo
idel ed inecicide aailable nil he 21 cen.
Yo PON1 genope i aociaed ih edced PON1 leel and
deoicaion of oganphophae inecicide
Oganophoophae inecide ok b damaging an enme in he
bod called acelcholineeae
Reidenial poimi o agiclal oganophophae applicaion i
aociaed ih fae cogniie and moo mpom decline among
Pakinon dieae paien
Redce epoe o peicide, ge adeae calcim and
magneim, and conme pomeganae, boccoli po, and high
ali olie oil o inceae PON1 leel
15
Peicide, Hebicide and Hea Meal
Seniii
Cadmim
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Chemical agicle e high amon of nheic oganophophae,
ceaing a e high phopho conen. Snheic phopho
concenae he amon of hea meal, like cadmim in non-oganic oil
and food. Chooing oganic podce i one of he be a o aoid ece
cadmim.
Yo genope i aociaed ih aeage deoicaion of he hea
meal cadmim
Peicide, Hebicide and Hea Meal
Seniii
Mec
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Mec i a neooin linked o neological and behaioal diode
inclding emo, inomnia, memo lo, neomcla eec, headache,
and cogniie and moo dfncion. Bning coal fo poe and hea i a
majo oce of mec epoe. Glahione i eponible fo poecing
again and deoifing hea meal like mec.
Yo glahione genope ae aociaed ih edced poecion
again mec oici
Mec i fond in man phamaceical dg, denal amalgam,
and lage h inclding odh, ahi na, and halib
Selenim block mec pake, folae deceae mec leel,
and magneim and hol bail poec again mec oici
Peicide, Hebicide and Hea Meal
Seniii
Lead
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Lead-baed pain, lead-baed d in olde bilding, conaminaed ae,
and ai pollion ae he majo oce of lead. Epoe o lead oe ime
ma cae abdominal pain, conipaion, depeion, diacion,
fogeflne, iiabili, and naea.
Yo genope i aociaed ih impoed deoicaion of lead
16
MENTAL HEALTH &
COGNITIVE
PERFORMANCE
17
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Bain Repai and
Mainenance
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Mliple gene ae eponible fo dail neal epai and mainenance, and a
combinaion of genope ae aociaed ih deceaed neal epai.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih aeage o impoed
neal epai
Yo can be poacie fo neal epai ih eigh ho of leep pe
nigh, DHA, B-iamin, Lion Mane mhoom, inc, iamin C, and
iamin E
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Concion
Recoe
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
A combinaion of genope in he paha eponible fo glamae
anpo and modlaion, BDNF leel, neal epai, and inammaion ding
a concion ae aociaed ih delaed o impoed ecoe.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih a modeae ae of
ecoe fom concion
I i adied o be poacie ih eigh ho of leep pe nigh, inc,
omega-3 fa acid, Lion' Mane mhoom, B6, lihim, magneim,
B2, folae, B12, iamin C, choline, iamin D, and conien cadio
Uniei of Balo eeache pblihed a d in he Clinical
Jonal of Spo Medicine ha indiidalied eecie pogam j
belo he one of mpom i afe and can eliee neal all po-
concion mpom
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Epiodic Memo
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
The 5-HT2A gene i aociaed ih epiodic memo, hich i he abili o
ecall deail of an een.
Yo 5-HT2A genope i aociaed ih a edced epiodic
memo
Epiodic memo can be enhanced ih pophan, geen o black
ea, caecholamine, beaine, and choline
Mindflne aining, inceaing o VO2 ma and edcing o
eliance on maphone can alo enhance epiodic memo
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Cadio, Mood and
Cogniie Fine
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Cadioacla eecie ha a emendo inence on neoanmie
balance, memo and cogniie ne.
Yo hae an aeage eiemen fo cadioacla eecie o
impoe mood and cogniie ne
18
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Mood (Folae)
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
MTHFR genope deemine folae eiemen fo healh BH4 leel
eponible fo neoanmie balance. The cen dail ale fo folae i
400mcg DFE.
Yo genope ma eie 400-500mcg (o moe) fo healh BH4
leel eponible fo neoanmie balance
Food high in folae inclde:
Lie (215mg) 3 o.
Spinach (131mg) 1/2 cp cooked
Apaag (89mg) 4 pea
Bel po (78mg) 1/2 cp
Boccoli (52mg) 1/2 cp
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Anie (Choline)
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
The PEMT gene i aociaed ih o eied choline inake o ppo
memo, anie, and REM leep.
Yo PEMT genope i aociaed ih a highe need fo choline
(550mg o moe) o ppo memo, anie and REM leep
Reeach ha hon ha idine, DHA, and choline combined
inceae leel of phophaidlcholine in he bain moe han each on
hei on
Food high in choline inclde:
Lie (356mg) fo 3 o.
Egg (294mg) fo 2 egg
Beef op ond (234mg) fo 6 o.
Chicken bea (144mg) fo 6 o.
Chicken high (120mg) fo 6 o.
Edamame (107mg) fo 1/2 cp
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Addicion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
ANKK1 modlae he deni of dopamine ecepo in he bain and i he
mo-died geneic aian elaed o addicion. Vaian hae been
aociaed ih alcoholim, opioid addicion, ga addicion, complie
eaing, obei and Inene addicion.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a loe deni of dopamine
ecepo fo he ANKK1 gene, edcing dopamine age ihin he
iam of he bain
Loe dopamine age cold lead o a highe likelihood of addicie
behaio
Geing 8 ho of leep pe nigh, keeping o blood ga balanced
ih adeae poein and be, high-ineni eecie, loe media
epoe, iamin D, healh ion leel, omega-3, and mediaion all
inceae dopamine ecepo deni
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Anie
(Glamae and
GABA)
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Anie i linked o aleed leel of one o mliple neoanmie.
Undeanding he geneic link o pecic leel of neoanmie can
help o be pecie in o appoach o edcing anie.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih an impoed
modlaion of glamae leel ha cold help peen glamae-
elaed anie
19
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Fea Repone
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
The FAAH gene i aociaed ih anandamide leel, coelaed ih a
heighened fea epone o poenial hea, hile BDNF aian aec he
abili o eingih he fea epone.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih a heighened fea
epone ha ma aec o abili o eingih fea memoie
Geing 30 mine o moe of aeobic eecie pe da (epeciall in
alide), CBD, and hop help inceae anandamide - knon a he
"bli molecle" - o edce he fea epone
Menal Healh and Cogniie Pefomance
Read Sem
LOW MEDIUM HIGH
COMT 4680 ha been linked in a mea-anali o aiaion in he ead
epone baed on genope aociaed ih lo and high dopamine leel.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a loe dopamine epone o
ead poceing ha cold negaiel aec moiaion and dela
deciion making
Ceaing deadline fo ho em ak and long em goal can help
ceae pee and eleaed dopamine leel o impoe moiaion
and deciion making
To boo lo dopamine ih die and eecie, o can inceae o
inake of coee, geen ea, chocolae, banana, and beie, o eecie
ih an elemen of ik
20
Se Managemen
Se Pecepion
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Yo pecepion of e i nie o o genope and life epeience.
Vaian in 5-HT2A ae aociaed ih peceied e, lo agal one,
anie, depeion, OCD, and IBS, epeciall in female.
Yo genope ae aociaed ih a highe pecepion of e
Modeae ineni aeobic eecie, mediaion and oga ae
ecommended fo e elief
Tpophan, geen o black ea, pebioic, pobioic, B2, B6, B12, and
folae all age he 5-HT2A gene o help loe e pecepion
Se Managemen
Se and
Digeion
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
The G allele caie of ADRB2 ee aociaed ih a highe pecenage of
IBS cae, ice he ae of anie, and fncional che pain diagnoe.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe pecenage of digeie
ie fom e and eleaed adenaline leel
If o epeience an of hee, o ma bene fom a deep
beahing pacice, mediaion, oga, iamin C, and magneim o
modlae adenaline leel
Se Managemen
Weigh Taining
and Se Relief
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Weigh lifing ha a highe impac on homonal paha ha ma poide
highe leel of e elief baed on he peed of hee paha.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a loe leel of dopamine and
adenaline, and eigh lifing ma hae le of an impac on e
compaed o ohe genope
Waio o Saegi
Pee
Repone
WARRIOR HYBRID
(BOTH)
STRATEGIST
Yo COMT genope i aociaed ih he "Waio" ha ha loe
dopamine leel, b a highe hehold fo pee and ma een hie in
hoe enionmen. Loe dopamine leel ae efl in heaening
enionmen hee maimal pefomance i eied depie hea and
pain.
To boo lo dopamine fo mood and concenaion, o can inceae
o inake of coee, geen ea, chocolae, banana, and beie, o
eecie ih an elemen of ik
21
Sleep Sppo
Sleep Daion
Reiemen
AVERAGE
SLEEP
MORE SLEEP
The ApoE gene i aociaed ih aeage o eended leep eiemen
fo healh bain epai each nigh.
Yo ApoE genope i aociaed ih aeage leep daion (7-8
ho) eiemen fo neal epai
Sleep Sppo
Recommended
Wake Time
EARLY AVERAGE LATE
Reeach ha fond ha MTNR1B G allele caie had a ignican
aociaion ih delaed melaonin eleae in he eening and a
baniall longe daion of eleaed melaonin leel in he moning.
De o melaonin eleae ending ealie in he moning fo o
genope, an ealie ake ime (ealie han 6:30am) ma be eaie fo
iho ligh epoe
Melaonin pplemenaion a no fond o cae impaied glcoe
inoleance fo o CC genope
Sleep Sppo
Caeine Sleep
Dibance
LESS LIKELY AVERAGE MORE LIKELY
The ae a hich caeine i meabolied geneicall i aociaed ih
aiaion of leep dibance.
Yo ae an inemediae meabolie of caeine, hich cold aec
leep if caeine i conmed in he lae afenoon o eening
To acceleae he meabolim of caeine, chedle cadio eecie
afe conmpion and inceae ccifeo egeable inake
Sleep Sppo
REM Sleep
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Acelcholine pla a ole in pomoing REM leep, he phae ha occ
hile e deam and hee memo conolidaion occ.
Yo genope i aociaed ih inceaed eniii o no meeing
o dail choline eiemen fo acelcholine podcion and REM
leep
Yo ma be moe eniie o anicholinegic dg, hich block
acelcholine and hae been fond in eeach o cae cogniie
decline
Make e o ae geing a lea 550mg of choline pe da, alking
45 mine o moe pe da, and if conming alcohol, o ill leep
bee if o conme i befoe 6:00pm and limi he ani
22
IMMUNE SUPPORT
23
Baceia, Yea, Paaie and Vie
H. Ploi
AVERAGE
PROTECTION
HIGH
PROTECTION
The inacie non-eceo genope fo FUT2 confe eiance o H. Ploi.
H. Ploi i peen in appoimael 50% of he poplaion in deeloped
conie.
Yo do no hae he non-eceo genope fo FUT2, aociaed ih
an aeage cepibili o H. Ploi
H. Ploi inhibiion ha been demonaed ih alcohol eac of he
mhoom Lion' Mane
Baceia, Yea, Paaie and Vie
Candida
LOW
PROTECTION
MODERATE
PROTECTION
HIGH
PROTECTION
The inacie non-eceo genope fo FUT2 deceae eiance o
Candida oegoh.
Yo hae he eceo genope fo FUT2, giing o an aeage
cepibili o Candida oegoh
Baceia, Yea, Paaie and Vie
Malaia
LOW
PROTECTION
MODERATE
PROTECTION
HIGH
PROTECTION
Reeach ha hon ha MTHFR genope inence T-lmphoce,
naal kille cell, and poecion again malaia.
Yo genope i aociaed ih modeae poecion again
malaia
The malaia paaie need highe amon of folae o ie and
eplicae
Fo malaia-endemic egion, o genope doe no poide a
mch poecion a he homogo genope, b o hae moe
poecion han he ild-pe genope
Baceia, Yea, Paaie and Vie
Nooi
AVERAGE
PROTECTION
HIGH
PROTECTION
The inacie non-eceo genope fo FUT2 confe eiance o he
Nooi.
Yo do no hae he non-eceo genope fo FUT2, aociaed ih
an aeage cepibili o he Nooi
24
Baceia, Yea, Paaie and Vie
DNA Vie
AVERAGE
PROTECTION
MODERATE
PROTECTION
HIGH
PROTECTION
DNA ie inclde HPV, Epein Bae, hepe, and mallpo. Folae i a
peco o BH4 o podce niic oide. Niic oide ac a an aniial ha
i moe poen again DNA ie.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih lighl loe BH4
leel ih incen folae, loeing poecion again DNA ie
Lo BH4 aec he aggeiene of DNA ie
To inceae BH4, inclde food high in folae, iamin C, L-aginine, B6,
magneim, and elenim fo healh niic oide leel and DNA i
ppo
BH4 i depleed b high blood ga, high omega-6 inake, chonic
e, high leel of mec, aenic, lead and alminm, apaame,
and oidaie e
25
COVID-19
Glahione
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Glahione i he mae anioidan em inoled in oidaie e,
deoicaion, and immni. The fncional capaci of immne cell and he
abili o cope ih oidaie e ha been popoed a one of he
ignican make of healh and longei. In boh animal and hman,
hoe ho each ecepionall old age hae immne make he ame a
ong adl.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih deceaed baeline
glahione leel
Glahione deceae ih age, and lo leel of glahione ae
aociaed ih chonic epoe o chemical oin, hea meal
and ece alcohol, immnocompomied condiion, and
neodegeneaie diode
Glahione ha been fond o inceae b 20% ih deep beahing
pacice like Tai Chi o oga
Fo eecie, a combinaion of aeobic eecie and cici eigh
aining podced he highe glahione eec
Selenim, glcine, ceine, iamin C, and ccifeo egeable all
impoe glahione leel
Chicken o bone boh, heb, and pice ae ome of he be diea
a o mainain highe leel of glahione
Some of he all-a inclde cinnamon, anie, age, and hme de o
alo conaining he aniial compond caeic acid
COVID-19
Viamin A
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Viamin A and ome ohe einoid ho impoan immnomodlao
popeie, inclding he abili o inceae he ecienc of acion of pe 1
inefeon, an impoan aniial cokine eleaed b he innae immne
em again ial infecion. Coonaie imila o SARS-CoV-2 can
ppe he ho IFN-I-baed aniial epone a pa of hei infecion
mechanim.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a 32% loe coneion ae of
bea-caoene o iamin A, making i impoan o inclde moe
animal-baed iamin A o hi o dail age
Viamin A inake b con ho ha Spain i he con ih he
loe poplaion meeing niional eiemen fo iamin A,
folloed b Belgim and Finland
Geman and Pogal ho he be, and ih he ecepion of
Finland, conie ih bopimal Viamin A a ae coelaed
(alhogh no ignicanl) ih hei COVID-19 incidence and
moali
COVID-19
Viamin C
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Opimal a of iamin C pla an impoan ole in he pope oking of
he immne em.
Yo genope i aociaed ih aeage em iamin C leel
Conie ch a he UK, Fance, Neheland, and Belgim do no
each opimal diea inake of iamin C
Geman and o fo i leel of iamin C inake in compaion
ih ohe conie
Depie bopimal iamin C inake coelaing eakl ih COVID-
19 incidence, i coelae ongl ih deah pecenage, hich
cold gge a poiie eec o gh infecion once he indiidal
ha alead been infeced ih SARS-CoV-2
26
COVID-19
Viamin D
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Viamin D pla a ke ole in modlaing he immne em, and bopimal
o decien conmpion of iamin D i aociaed ih aio condiion
elaed o a malfncion of he immne em and deglaion in
inammao a.
Yo genope i aociaed ih belo aeage ciclaing leel of
iamin D
Viamin D inake i decien in all conie died ih COVID
eei, ih Spain, Fance, and Ial a he conie ih he loe
inake
A mea-anali of he die appea o ho ha iamin D i onl
efl fo hoe ho ae clinicall lo (belo 20 ng/ml), ih
modeae doe dail o eekl o aie leel being moe eecie
han peiodic lage doe
COVID-19
Selenim
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Sbopimal o decien leel of elenim ae aociaed ih deceaed
cooici of NK cell, deceaed anibod ie, and impaied cellla
immni. Spplemenaion i commonl elaed o impoemen in cellla
immni and an impoed opimal immne epone again ie,
inclding an inhibio eec on he deelopmen of he polioi and
inena.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an aeage need fo elenim
Glahione peoidae 1 (GPX1) i a elenoenme ih decibed
anioidan and aniial popeie ha depend on niional
elenim a
Spain i a he op fo meeing elenim eiemen hile Denmak
i a he boom
The onl o poplaion aboe he median of he conie analed
inclded Finland and Fance, hile he e of he conie ae belo
he geneal median
COVID-19
B12
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Scien iamin B12 inake i eenial fo anibod podcion and a
decienc i elaed o a loe concenaion of ciclaing lmphoce and
aleed anibod-baed epone. SARS CoV-2 infecion i elaed o an
aggaaion of he cellla meabolim and he homoceine paha
caing eee complicaion fom COVID-19, and he coec ppl of
iamin B12, folae and B6 ma be ccial fo COVID-19 paien.
Yo genope i aociaed ih inemediae B12 leel
Some of he conie lea aeced b SARS-CoV-2 ho he
highe leel of iamin B12 inake (Pogal and Finland)
Some of he conie mo aeced b SARS-CoV-2 (Belgim and
Spain) hae inake belo he median
27
COVID-19
Folae
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Folae i ccial fo opimal Th-1 mediaed immne epone and pope
anibod podcion. Sbopimal leel of folae ma igge imbalance in T
and NK cell mediaed immne epone and deceae he amon of
anibod podcion.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih a highe han aeage
need fo folae
The coec inake of iamin B6, folae and B12 in paien aeced b
COVID-19 ha been popoed a pa of he dieae eamen, een
b pplemenaion fomla, in an aemp o eglae he dipion
of cellla meabolim of he homoceine paha caed b he
SARS-CoV-2 infecion
COVID-19
B6 (Pidoine)
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Viamin B6 i eenial fo mainaining cooic acii of NK cell,
lmphoce deelopmen, and B-cell anibod podcion. Sbopimal inake
i aociaed ih loe concenaion of ciclaing lmphoce, impaied
lmphoce maaion, and deceaed anibod-baed epone.
Yo genope i aociaed ih nomal em B6 leel
The coec inake of iamin B6, folae and B12 in paien aeced b
COVID-19 ha been popoed a pa of he dieae eamen, een
b pplemenaion fomla, in an aemp o eglae he dipion
of cellla meabolim of he homoceine paha caed b he
SARS-CoV-2 infecion
COVID-19
Bidobaceia
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Appoimael 80% of o immne em i in o g. The good baceia
bidobaceim i highe in bea-fed infan and ha been fond o be
loe in he highe-ik demogaphic fo COVID-19 inclding hoe ih
diabee, obei, ahma and he eldel. Bidobaceia poplaion hae
been fond o a baed on he FUT2 genope.
Yo genope i aociaed ih impoed bidobaceia leel in he
g, helping o poec again loe and ppe epiao infecion
Pebioic fond in food like banana, galic, leek, bale,
apaag, piachio, onion, and polphenol-ich food hae been
fond in hman ial o inceae bidobaceia leel
COVID-19
Glcine
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Glcine i one of he hee majo amino acid fo glahione podcion,
poecing he bod fom oidaie damage ding he immne epone,
and ppoing T-cell polifeaion.
Yo genope i aociaed ih lo pe 1 collagen podcion,
inceaing o glcine eiemen
Tpe I collage i a majo cal poein in he lng and i
imlaed ding ceain inammao eacion in he lng
Collagen poein, bone, o chicken boh ha gelainie, gelain, mea
ih he kin, ib, hank, and dmick ae all a o inceae
diea glcine
Baobab i conideed an ecepionall good oce of plan-baed
glcine fond in he hne-gahee Hada die
28
COVID-19
Anhocanin
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Anhocanin, he pple anioidan compond in eldebeie and ohe ed
and pple plan, hae impeie aniial acii again RNA ie
(SARS-CoV-2 i a RNA i), hile alo inceaing HDL and loeing LDL.
Yo ApoE genope i moe eponie o anhocanin inake, and
heefoe o eiemen i aeage fo ial ppo
29
DNA PROTECTION &
REPAIR
30
DNA Poecion & Repai
Glahione
Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Glahione i he mae anioidan em inoled in oidaie e,
deoicaion, and immni. Glahione a paallel elomeae acii,
an impoan indicao of lifepan.
Yo genope combinaion ae aociaed ih deceaed baeline
glahione leel
Glahione deceae ih age, and lo leel of glahione ae
aociaed ih chonic epoe o chemical oin, hea meal
and ece alcohol, immnocompomied condiion, and
neodegeneaie diode
Glahione ha been fond o inceae b 20% ih deep beahing
pacice like Tai Chi o oga
Fo eecie, a combinaion of aeobic eecie and cici eigh
aining podced he highe glahione eec
Selenim, glcine, ceine, iamin C, and ccifeo egeable all
impoe glahione leel
Chicken o bone boh, heb, and pice ae ome of he be diea
a o mainain highe leel of glahione
Some of he all-a inclde cinnamon, anie, age, and hme de o
alo conaining he aniial compond caeic acid
DNA Poecion & Repai
Caalae
Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
CAT make an enme called caalae, hich help edce oidaie e.
CAT i peen in all aeobic cell hile eeach ha fond he highe
coelaion o poae, bea, lie, and blood healh.
Yo genope i aociaed ih impoed caalae leel
DNA Poecion & Repai
Miochondial
Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
The SOD2 gene i eponible fo peoide dimae leel, an impoan
poeco of he miochondia, he poehoe of he cell.
Yo genope i aociaed ih lighl edced miochondial
poecion
Manganee, boon, iamin A, C, E, omega-3 fa acid, CoQ10, lein,
lcopene, milk hile, codcep, hol bail, eihi and coheap all
inceae miochondial poecion
DNA Poecion & Repai
UV Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
One hpohei fo aian in MTHFR 677 i ha he ee eleced baed
on highe folae inake and UV epoe, boh common in Medieanean
climae. Wha happen in he bod hen MTHFR enmaic fncion i
edced i ha hmidine podcion inceae. Thmidine enhance he
epai of UV-indced DNA damage o help ickl epai n damage.
Yo MTHFR genope i aociaed ih modeae UV poecion
fom he n
To impoe UV poecion, inceae o inake of folae-ich geen,
blackbeie, ild almon, cacao pode, chianda, eihi, dill and
died pale
31
DNA Poecion & Repai
Skin Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
GPX1 acii i conideed o be he mo impoan anioidan enme
defene mechanim in he kin.
Yo genope i aociaed ih impoed anioidan poecion fo
he kin
DNA Poecion & Repai
Lng Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Vaian in he GSTP1 gene hae been aociaed ih loe anioidan
ppo in he lng hen epoed o enionmenal pollion.
Yo genope i aociaed ih inceaed lng poecion again
enionmenal pollan
DNA Poecion & Repai
Colon Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
The MLH1 gene code fo a DNA epai enme linked o colon healh.
Yo genope i aociaed ih impoed DNA poecion fo colon
healh
DNA Poecion & Repai
Ced Mea and
Colon Healh
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
A lage-cale genome-ide anali of oe 18,000 people fom he U.S.,
Canada, Aalia and Eope fond ha aian in GATA3 ee aociaed
ih an inceaed ik of colon cance fo hoe eaing poceed mea
compaed o hoe ih he nomal genope.
Yo genope i aociaed ih an inceaed ik of colon cance
fom ced mea conmpion
Keeping a iamin D leel of 34 ng/ml o highe ha been fond o c
colon cance ik in half
A high inake of fi, egeable, heb and pice hae alo been
fond o damaicall edce he ik of colon cance
32
DNA Poecion & Repai
Ee Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Ble ligh i a high-eneg o ho-aelengh iible ligh fom o phone
and compe ha indce inammaion and einal dieae ch a age-
elaed macla degeneaion and einii pigmenoa.
Yo genope i aociaed ih highe eiemen fo food high
in lein, eaanhin, and anhocanin fo ee healh
A mea-anali fond ha he ae of mopia (neaighedne) ill
inceae 140% b 2050 de o o inceaed ime in fon of a ceen
Reeach ha fond ha bilbe and lingonbe ee poecie
eec again ble LED ligh-indced einal phooecepo cell
damage de o hei polphenol conen
Inceae o diea inake of dak pple beie, dak leaf geen,
mme ah, geen pea, boccoli and Bel po
DNA Poecion & Repai
Thoid Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Up o 60 pecen of hoe ih a hoid diode ae naae of hei
condiion. The cae i conideed lagel nknon and occ 10 ime
moe in omen han in men. Hahimoo dieae n in he famil and 70%
80% of cepibili o aoimmne hoid dieae i baed on geneic.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih edced hoid
poecion and a lighl inceaed ik of Hahimoo' dieae
Aoimmne hoid dieae i aociaed ih celiac dieae
A decienc in elenim i aociaed ih celiac dieae and hoid
dieae, and pla a ignican ole in hoid homone nhei,
eceion and meabolim
Scaloe and glphoae deo g oa like lacobacill, hich
dib elenoceine leel peen in he caalic cene of
enme ha poec he hoid fom fee adical damage
The aicial eeene apaame in he bod fhe meabolie o
fomaldehde, and a die fond ha fomaldehde (a a
meabolie of apaame) caed inceaed TSH leel and oen
he capaci of he gland leading o hoid faile
DNA Poecion & Repai
Pancea
Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Mliple gene ae linked o DNA poecion fo panceaic healh.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih inceaed DNA
poecion fo panceaic healh
DNA Poecion & Repai
Bladde Poecion
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Ceain gene combinaion hae been fond o deceae he deoicaion
abili of ceain oin fond o be cacinogenic fo he bladde.
Yo genope i aociaed ih deceaed DNA poecion fo
bladde healh
Aoid obacco moke, commecial hai de, oking in indial and
manfacing plan, chaed mea, and dieel eha
Inceae o ccifeo egeable, caoenoid, and iamin C
inake
33
METHYLATION
34
Mehlaion
Folae
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
MTHFR 677 and MTHFR 1298 genope deemine o folae eiemen
o ai nomal homoceine leel.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih a highe han aeage
eiemen fo folae o mainain healh homoceine leel
If o homoceine i eleaed, check ha o ae geing enogh
folae
High homoceine ha been implicaed in amloid bildp, DNA
damage and cance, miochondial dfncion, cadioacla
dieae, age-elaed macla degeneaion, apopoi of neon and
depeion
Mehlaion
Folinic Acid
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Folinic acid i a econd pe of folae fond in folae-ich food.
Yo hae a highe han aeage eiemen fo folinic acid o
mainain healh mehlaion and homoceine leel
Mehlaion
Viamin B6
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Viamin B6 pla an impoan ole in homoceine meabolim and CBS
gene fncion.
A combinaion of o genope elaed o iamin B6 em leel
and mehlaion eiemen ae aociaed ih an aeage
eiemen fo B6 o mainain healh mehlaion and homoceine
leel
Mehlaion
Viamin B12
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Viamin B12 pla an impoan ole in homoceine meabolim.
Yo hae an aeage eiemen fo B12 o mainain healh
mehlaion and homoceine leel
Mehlaion
Riboain (B2)
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Viamin B2 pla a pecial ole in abiliing he MTHFR gene fo
homoceine meabolim.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe han aeage eiemen
fo iboain o mainain healh mehlaion and homoceine leel
B2 i highe in lie, lamb, h, og and mhoom
35
Mehlaion
Choline and
Beaine
AVERAGE
NEED
INCREASED HIGH
Choline and beaine pla a ccial ole in homoceine meabolim,
epeciall fo hoe ih aian in MTHFR.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe han aeage eiemen
fo choline and beaine o mainain healh mehlaion and
homoceine leel
Lo choline inake can manife a memo ie, NAFLD, anie,
neological diode, bea cance, hiamine ie, gallbladde
ie, and SIBO
Choline ma be depleed b nighime pain eliee, anihiamine,
leep aid, anidepean, inconinence dg and nacoic pain
eliee
Inene endance eecie deplee choline leel, and inceaing
phophaidlcholine ha been fond o impoe eecie capaci
ding high-ineni ccling and nning, a ell a edce mcle
oene
Mehlaion
Snheic Folic
Acid
LESS RISK SLIGHT RISK HIGH RISK
Ceain genope in he folae meabolim paha can aec he
meabolim of nheic folic acid, leading o high ciclaing leel.
Yo genope combinaion ma impoe he meabolim of
nheic folic acid
36
HORMONE SUPPORT
37
Homone Sppo
Eogen
Deoicaion
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Thee ae mliple gene in he eogen deoicaion paha ha hae a
cmlaie ale on he abili o popel deoif eogen.
Yo combinaion of nmeo genope in he eogen paha
ae aociaed ih edced eogen deoicaion
To edce he ik of hamfl eogen meabolie, o hold aoid
enoeogen, manage e leel, and foc on g healh
Inceaing pebioic be, polphenol, magneim and bidobaceia
ma impoe bea healh b edcing he amon and acii of
hamfl eogen meabolie
Homone Sppo
Poae
Poecion
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Nmeo gene combinaion ae eied o deemine a cmlaie ale
of poae poecion.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih edced poae
poecion
Impoe poae poecion ih elenim, iamin C, B1, B6, folae,
inc, magneim, healh ion leel, milk hile, hol bail, and
ccifeo egeable
Homone Sppo
Teoeone
Leel
LOW AVERAGE ABOVE
AVERAGE
A combinaion of genope hae been aociaed ih lo, aeage and
aboe aeage eoeone leel.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih aboe aeage
baeline eoeone leel
Teoeone peak hogho pbe and conine o a in
opimal ange nil aond 40 ea old
Homone Sppo
Oidaie Se
and Feili
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Peicide, cadmim, mec, and aenic hae all been hon o loe
GSTP1 epeion, inceaing he eleaion and oici of hee chemical
and hea meal. The epoe and eniii o hee chemical and
hea meal ae peced eaon fo he inceaed ik of male infeili
elaed o GSTP1 aian.
Yo genope i aociaed ih impoed pem poecion again
enionmenal pollion.
Homone Sppo
T3 and T4
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
T3 and T4 leel aiaion hae been aociaed ih aian in he DI01
gene.
Yo genope i aociaed ih nomal T3 and T4 leel
T3 and T4 can ill be o of ange baed on ohe epigeneic faco
38
Homone Sppo
Adiponecin
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
ADIPOQ encode fo adiponecin, a poein eceed b fa cell ha aec
inlin and glcoe meabolim. Lo leel of adiponecin pla a ole in
obei, inlin eiance and Tpe 2 diabee.
Yo genope i aociaed ih nomal adiponecin leel, hich
can inceae he eec of inlin, impoe glcoe meabolim and
ai a healh bod eigh
Homone Sppo
Ghelin
AVERAGE
PRIORITY
MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Vaian in gene elaed o ghelin leel and dopamine ecepo deni
hae been hon o ceae a lage appeie and he poenial fo oeeaing
in mliple poplaion.
Yo genope ae aociaed ih bodeline highe ghelin leel
ha cold lead o oeeaing and abdominal eigh gain
A foc hold be on a poein and be-ich beakfa,
mononaaed and polnaaed fa, 7-8 ho of leep pe
nigh, healh iamin D leel and aeobic eecie oe 1 ho o high
ineni eecie o abilie ghelin leel
39
CARDIOVASCULAR
HEALTH & EXERCISE
40
Cadioacla Healh
HDL and LDL
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
ApoE i conneced o HDL and LDL leel, hile PON1 i inoled ih
ppoing HDL fncion and LDL oidaion, an impoan mechanim in
aheocleoi and hea dieae.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih a highe likelihood of
good HDL leel and a loe likelihood of highe leel of LDL, oidied
LDL, and oal choleeol
Cadioacla Healh
VLDL
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Sbjec ih aian in PPAR-alpha hae been fond o hae a lage ai
cicmfeence and a highe popoion of mall, dene LDL paicle ie.
Yo genope i aociaed ih a highe popoion of mall, dene
LDL paicle ie if folloing a high aaed fa and lo
polnaaed fa die
Cadioacla Healh
Tiglceide
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Vaian in he FADS1 SNP (174546) ae aociaed ih eleaed
iglceide leel.
Yo genope i aociaed ih eleaed iglceide
Nmeo die hae fond ha omega-3 fa acid adminieed
a h oil pplemen loe plama iglceide leel b 25% o
34%
Cadioacla Healh
ApoB
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
ApoB i a poein ha i inoled in he meabolim of lipid and i he main
poein conien of lipopoein. High leel of ApoB, epeciall ih he
highe LDL paicle concenaion, ae he pima die of aeial plae.
The PPAR-alpha polmophim ha been aociaed ih ApoB in man
poplaion ch a Cacaian, Indian, and Afican-Ameican.
Yo genope i aociaed ih eleaed ApoB leel
Loeing aaed fa inake and inceaing polnaaed fa
inake i ecommended
PPAR-alpha can be ageed ih aaanhin (high in ild almon),
peoilbene (blebeie, mlbeie, canbeie, a almond),
geniein (femened o), omaoe, cinnamon, inc, Lion Mane
mhoom, Gnoemma ea and L-caniine
Cadioacla Healh
Lp(a)
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Lp(a )i a ick fom of LDL ha appea o aec plae goh, LDL
paicle ie and inceae he ik of plae pe and blood cloing.
Yo genope i no aociaed ih eleaed Lp(a) leel
41
Cadioacla Healh
Ra Plan Inake
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
The ik of hea aack and cadioacla dieae confeed b he 9p21
gene appea o be modied b a pden die high in a egeable and
fi fo Soh Aian, Lain Ameican, Aab, Chinee and Eopean
poplaion fo aian in 4977574.
Yo hae a highe han aeage eiemen fo a fi and
egeable o mainain a healh hea
Cadioacla Healh
Niic Oide
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
The ncopling of niic oide ha been linked o pla an eenial ole in
cadioacla pahologie inclding dilaed cadiomopah, ichemia-
epefion inj, endohelial dfncion, aheocleoi, and hpeenion.
Yo genope combinaion ae aociaed ih a highe han
aeage need fo folae o podce adeae BH4, he peco o
niic oide
BH4 i depleed b high blood ga, high omega-6 inake, chonic
e, high leel of mec, aenic, lead and alminm, apaame,
and oidaie e
Ohe aegie o inceae BH4 inclde iamin C, L-aginine, B6,
magneim, and elenim
Cadioacla Healh
Homoceine
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Homoceine i a non-poein amino acid ha i podced fom mehionine,
can be eccled back ino mehionine and coneed ino ceine in he
mehlaion ccle. High homoceine leel hae been conneced o
depeion, blood clo, inammaion, macla degeneaion, demenia, and
cance.
Yo hae a highe han aeage need fo folae o mainain healh
homoceine leel
Cadioacla Healh
Blood Clo
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Deep ein homboi i a condiion ha occ hen a blood clo fom in a
ein deep inide a pa of he bod and i mo common fo hoe oe 60.
Vaian in F5 inceae he ik of deep ein homboi.
Yo genope i no aociaed ih deep ein homboi
Cadioacla Healh
Uic Acid
AVERAGE MEDIUM
PRIORITY
HIGH
PRIORITY
Vaian in he ABCG2 gene hae been aociaed ih eleaed ic acid
leel and an inceaed ik of go in Aian, Eopean, Afican Ameican,
Meican Ameican, and Ameican Indian. Epidemiological die hae
hon ha ic leel ae poiiel coelaed ih go, hpeenion,
aheocleoi, aial billaion, and hea faile.
Yo genope i aociaed ih aeage ic acid leel
42
Cadioacla Healh
Hemochomaoi
LESS LIKELY SLIGHT RISK MORE LIKELY
A homogo HFE C282Y ma lead o an ion oeload de o inceaed
ion abopion and diped meabolim. Common HFE maion accon
fo moe han 90% of hemochomaoi phenope in hie of een
Eopean decen.
Yo ild-pe HFE genope i aociaed ih a edced likelihood
of geneicall linked hemochomaoi
43
Eecie
Poe Ahlee
Poenial
LOW MEDIUM HIGH
ACTN3 i cenl he mo pomiing gene fo pedicing he likelihood of
becoming an Olmpic leel pin and poe ahlee in male and female.
The RR (CC) genope epee he ACTN3 poein fond in Tpe II mcle
be, hich podce eploie and poefl conacion.
Yo hae he XX genope ha i aociaed ih edced poe and
hpeoph epone o eiance aining
The XX genope el in a complee lack of epeion of Į-
acinin-3 and Tpe II mcle be, occing in appoimael 20%
of he old' poplaion
Loe poe and hpeoph epone fom aining
Eecie
Weigh Lifing
Inammaion
LESS AVERAGE MORE
Weigh lifing lead o a aiaion in mcle inammao make baed on
geneic and ineni.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih highe leel of mcle
inammaion (ceaine kinae) fo eigh lifing and ma dela
ecoe ime
To acceleae ecoe, ice bah, he poein, Ameican gineng,
ccmin, iamin C, and collagen poein hae all been fond o
aenae ceaine kinae leel
Eecie
Endance
Eecie
Inammaion
LESS AVERAGE MORE
Endance aining lead o a aiaion in ceaine kinae leel baed on
geneic.
Yo genope combinaion i aociaed ih highe leel of mcle
inammaion (ceaine kinae) fo endance eecie and ma dela
ecoe ime
To acceleae ecoe, he poein, cold ae immeion, Ameican
gineng, ccmin, opimal eoeone leel, iamin C and collagen
poein hae all been fond o aenae ceaine kinae leel
Eecie
High-Ineni
Eecie
Inammaion
LESS AVERAGE MORE
High-ineni eecie i dened a 70% o 85% of o maimm hea ae,
and inammaion aiaion ha been aociaed ih he SOD2 gene.
Yo SOD2 genope i aociaed ih le mcle inammaion in
epone o high-ineni eecie
Eecie
ACL and Sholde
Dilocaion Rik
LESS RISK AVERAGE HIGH RISK
The COL1A1 gene i aociaed ih ACL and holde inj ik.
Yo COL1A1 genope i aociaed ih an inceaed need fo
diea collagen o peen ACL and holde injie
Viamin C, inc, coppe, glcine, poline, line, and B6 ae all
peco o collagen podcion
44
Eecie
Ankle and
Haming Inj
Rik
LESS RISK AVERAGE HIGH RISK
The ACTN3 gene i linked o inceaed o deceaed ik of ankle and
haming injie.
Yo ACTN3 genope i aociaed ih an inceaed ik of ankle
and haming injie
Moe aenion i ecommended o enghen he ankle and
haming inclding he Nodic haming eecie and po-
oko ecoe mehod fo inj peenion
Eecie
Cold Endance
LESS AVERAGE MORE
The ACTN3 gene i aociaed ih a loe o highe adapaion ae o cold
endance.
Yo hae he ACTN3 XX genope, aociaed ih a highe
adapaion ae o cold endance
The X allele feenc coelae ih highe laide and loe
empeae, hoing a poible elecion fo cold oleance and
famine
Reeache fond ha he elecion of XX appea o be fo moe
faige-eian mcle ha geneae hea fom aciaion of
bon adipoe ie
Eecie
Caeine Repone
fo Eecie Unde
1 Ho
LOW NO RESPONSE HIGH
The CYP1A2 gene i aociaed ih caeine epone fo impoing o
deceaing eecie pefomance.
Caeine a no fond o impoe o deceae eecie pefomance
fo o CYP1A2 genope
Eecie
Caeine Repone
fo Eecie Oe 1
Ho
LOW NO RESPONSE HIGH
The CYP1A2 gene i aociaed ih caeine epone fo impoing o
deceaing eecie pefomance.
Caeine a no fond o impoe o deceae eecie pefomance
fo o CYP1A2 genope
45
STRENGTHS
This section is a thorough overview of your individual gene function across the entire analysis in just a few pages. If you are looking for a
brief summary of the most important parts of your report without doing a deep dive into the genotype tables and clinical research
sections, this is the place to start. Be proud of your inherent genetic strengths!
DIGESTION
Prebiotics, Probiotics and B12-FUT2 - The GG FUT2 genotype in European, African, and Indian populations is associated
with improved bifidobacteria populations in the gut compared to the AA genotype, increasing immune function against
respiratory infections.
Vitamin C-SLC23A1 - Your genotype is associated with improved whole-body vitamin C homeostasis through dietary
absorption and renal reabsorption.
Iron - Your genotype is associated with a lower risk of iron overload for the HFE C282Y gene. However, a heterozygous
HFE C282Y and HFE H63D gene could change this result.
Saturated Fat-PPAR-alpha - You have the wild-type genotype that is associated with improved saturated fat metabolism
and ketone body production during fasting. Assess your other fat metabolism genes for a more complete assessment.
Ghrelin and Appetite-FTO - Your genotype is associated with normal ghrelin levels (hunger hormone), decreasing the risk
for overeating and abdominal weight gain.
Saturated Fat-APOA2 - Your genotype is associated with a reduced likelihood of saturated fats causing weight gain.
Carbohydrates-TCF7L2 - Your genotype is associated with an improved insulin response for grain-based carbohydrates.
Lactose - You have the homozygous AA genotype that is associated with a lower probability of lactose intolerance.
Uric Acid-ABCG2 - Your genotype is associated with a lower probability of chronically elevated uric acid levels.
Ethanol Metabolism-ALDH2 - Your genotype is less likely to experience facial flushing from alcohol due to improved
acetaldehyde metabolism.
METHYLATION
Folate-MTHFD1 G1958A - Your genotype is associated with improved metabolism for folinic acid, the second most
common type of folate after methylfolate.
Folate-DHFR - Your genotype is associated with an improved breakdown of synthetic folic acid at the beginning of the
folate cycle. However, variants in MTHFR 677 can also affect folic acid metabolism.
B12, B2 and Zinc-MTR - You may have improved MTR function, assisting homocysteine metabolism.
B12-MTRR - Your genotype is associated with improved gene function, assisting B12 and homocysteine metabolism.
Magnesium-MAT1 - If you are male, your genotype is associated with improved MAT1 gene function, assisting normal
SAMe levels for healthy glutathione levels, joint and low back pain, a balanced mood, and liver detoxification.
Choline-PEMT - Your genotype is associated with improved phosphatidylcholine production for a healthy liver, and to
assist normal homocysteine levels.
Arsenic-CBS - Your genotypes are associated with improved arsenic metabolism and detoxification for the CBS genes.
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HORMONES
Testosterone-Men - If you are male, your genotype is associated with improved total and free testosterone levels for the
SHBG rs6258 gene.
Thyroid-DI01 - Your genotype is associated with improved DI01 gene function for T3 and T4 thyroid function, however
other epigenetic factors should be assessed.
Thyroid-DI02 - Your genotype is associated with improved T3 and T4 thyroid function in the brain for the DI02 gene.
Estrogen Metabolism-CYP1A1 - Your CYP1A1 wild-type genotype is improved for the beginning phase of estrogen
metabolism. Please review all genes involved in estrogen metabolism for a complete picture of the process.
Estrogen Metabolism-COMT - For estrogen metabolism and detoxification, those with the fast GG COMT V158M
genotype may have a reduction in harmful estrogen metabolites that can cause DNA damage. However, you may need a
higher green tea polyphenol intake to obtain the same benefits as the other COMT genotypes due to a faster metabolic
rate.
Estrobolome-FUT2 - Your wild-type genotype is associated with improved bifidobacteria gut bacteria, assisting the gut
phase of estrogen detoxification.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Serotonin Receptor-Memory - You have the wild-type genotype that is associated with an improved episodic memory,
which is the ability to recall details regarding personal experiences, names of people, specific events, and what exactly
occurred.
Dopamine, Adrenaline and Estrogen-COMT - The wild-type GG V158M genotype is associated with an improved
breakdown of dopamine, adrenaline, and estrogen in response to pressure. The benefits to your genotype may be a
calmer response to high-pressure situations and the ability to be more emotionally resilient in a crisis. Research has also
found that your genotype had a higher threshold of pain and scored higher on social facilitation and cooperativeness.
Histamines and Migraines-DAO - The wild-type CC genotype for DAO rs1049793 is associated with a reduced risk of
histamine-induced migraine headaches.
Brain Health-PEMT - Your genotype is associated with improved phosphatidylcholine levels for memory, anxiety, and
REM sleep.
Glutamate-BDNF - Your genotype is associated with improved glutamate modulation, brain repair, spatial learning,
memory, and adaptability.
Cholesterol-APOE - You have the ApoE e2/e3 genotype, improving cholesterol transport and the maintenance of brain
neurons. The ApoE e2 allele is more protective against cognitive decline, heart disease, and is associated with a greater
probability for longevity.
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ANTIOXIDANTS AND INFLAMMATION
Cell Protection-CAT - Your genotype is associated with improved catalase levels, mitigating damage to your cells.
Glutathione-GSTM1 - You have the AG genotype that is associated with improved detoxification of benzo(a)pyrene from
the burning of wood or trash, tobacco smoke, asphalt, coal, diesel exhaust, and charred meat. Your NAT2 genotype may
increase or decrease this ability.
Glutathione-GSTP1 - While the heterozygous AG genotype for GSTP1 rs1695 is associated with a higher sensitivity to
heavy metals, one advantage may be an increased VO2 max response from endurance training compared to the wild-
type genotype.
Heavy Metals-GSTP1 - You have the wild-type CC genotype for GSTP1 rs1138272 that is associated with improved
glutathione antioxidant protection against heavy metals, pesticides, and air pollution for colon, prostate, lung, throat, and
fertility health. Your GSTP1 rs1695 genotype may increase or decrease this effect.
Glutathione-CTH - Your genotype is associated with improved gene function, leading to adequate cysteine for
glutathione production.
Nitric Oxide-NOS2 - Your NOS2A gene is functioning optimally for reducing the probability of age-related macular
degeneration from cigarette smoke.
Eye Health-ARMS2 - Your genotype is associated with a lower sensitivity to the negative effects of smoking on eye
health.
DETOXIFICATION
Liver Enzyme-CYP1A1 - Your genotype is associated with improved detoxification of benzopyrene from cigarette smoke
and will assist the function of your GSTM1 gene.
Liver Enzyme-THC and CYP2C9 - You have the wild-type genotype that is associated with improved metabolism of THC,
the active psychoactive compound in cannabis.
Liver Enzyme-CYP3A4 - Your genotype is associated with normal metabolism of certain drugs that use this enzyme. We
recommend further pharmacogenomic testing with your doctor for more information regarding CYP3A4.
DNA DAMAGE, PROTECTION AND REPAIR
DNA Repair-MDM2 - Your MDM2 genotype is associated with improved DNA repair for sun damage if you are female.
DNA Repair-MLH1 - Your genotype is associated with improved DNA repair for colon, endometrium, lung, and brain
protection.
Processed Meat and Colon Cancer-GATA3 - You have the wild-type genotype that is associated with a reduced risk of
processed meat consumption and colon cancer.
Longevity-SIRT1 - Your SIRT1 genotype is associated with normal SIRT1 activity for longevity. While not a weakness,
you may want to increase SIRT1 activity epigenetically to increase the probability of longevity, especially if you have the
APOE-e4 allele. A sedentary lifestyle, aging, poor diet, and obesity lowers SIRT1 activity. Exercise, fasting, 7-8 hours of
sleep per night, saunas, polyphenols, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, resveratrol, magnesium, and melatonin have all
been found to increase SIRT1 activity.
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CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE
Power and Recovery-ACTN3 - You have the RR genotype, associated with more Type II fast-twitch muscle fibers, an
enhanced response to strength training and muscle hypertrophy, potential improved protection from eccentric training-
induced muscle damage, improved training adaptation, reduced risk of sports injury, and reduced frailty risk later in life.
Lung Cytokines-TNFA - If you have Asian ancestry, your genotype is associated with improved TNF-a gene function for
lower inflammation in the lungs.
Pesticides, HDL and LDL-PON1 - You have the wild-type genotype associated with improved PON1 activity for pesticide
detoxification and protection against LDL oxidation.
LDL-LPA - Your genotype is associated with healthy Lp(a) levels, a sticky form of LDL that affects plaque levels.
Fibrinogen-ESR2 - Your genotype is associated with improved fibrinogen levels.
Blood Clots-F5 - Your genotype is associated with improved gene function for a lower probability of deep vein
thrombosis.
Stress-ADRB2 - You have the wild-type GG genotype for ADRB2 rs1042713 that is associated with a lower inflammatory
response on the heart from chronic stress.
Blood Pressure-ACE1 - Your genotype is associated with intermediate baseline ACE levels. If you are female, ACE levels
may be lower. Depending on ACE2 levels, you may have a more balanced renin-angiotensin system for blood pressure.
Blood Pressure-ACE2 - Your genotype is associated with higher baseline ACE2, improving the balance between ACE1
and ACE2 for blood pressure, and potentially lowering the risk of COVID-19 severity. Other dietary habits and health
issues could affect this result.
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Genes are not your destiny - they are your blueprint. Please understand that these weaknesses can be turned into strengths based on the
personalized recommendations given below. Making strategic changes to diet, environment, stressors, and even relationships can have a
profound effect on optimizing gene function. Aim to turn every weakness into a strength by giving attention to the proactive, customized
dietary and lifestyle modification recommendations in this section!
DIGESTION
Beta Carotene to Vitamin A Conversion Rate-BCMO1 - Your BCMO1 genotype combination is associated with a reduced
conversion rate of plant-based beta carotene (squash, sweet potatoes, carrots) to vitamin A. This increases your need for
foods higher in vitamin A like eggs, cod liver oil, wild salmon oil and organ meats for skin, digestion, healthy eyes, lungs,
and immunity.
ALA to EPA and DHA Conversion-FADS2 - Your genotype is associated with a reduced conversion of plant-based
omega-3 ALA (walnuts, flax seeds, and pumpkin seeds) to EPA and DHA. Increased EPA and DHA intake may be
needed.
Prebiotics, Probiotics and B12-FUT2 - The rs601338 FUT2 GG genotype has been associated with lower B12 levels in
European, Indian and African populations.
B6-NBPF3 - You are more likely to have low B6 levels due to variants in the NBPF3 gene, increasing the sensitivity to
medications that deplete B6 (oral contraceptives, antibiotics, ACE inhibitors, antacids, proton pump inhibitors and more).
You need to focus on increasing foods high in B6 like wild salmon, pistachios, avocados and potatoes.
Adiponectin-ADIPOQ - Your genotype is associated with lower adiponectin levels, linked to a higher probability of insulin
resistance with higher red meat consumption. Strategies to increase adiponectin include coffee, omega-3 fatty acids,
blueberries, almonds, strawberries, rose hip tea, chili peppers, ginger and turmeric.
Fat Metabolism-ACSL1 - Your genotype is associated with higher fasting glucose levels from a higher saturated fat
intake. If your fasting glucose is high and you have variants in the other fat metabolism genes, fatty red meat and dairy
should be reduced and more focus should be on monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
Histamines-APB1 - You have the heterozygous TC genotype that is associated with intermediate histamine breakdown in
the digestive tract. While not as impactful as the homozygous genotype, histamine sensitivity could still occur.
METHYLATION
Folate-MTHFR 677 - You have the heterozygous genotype that is associated with a reduced function of approximately
30%. This increases the need for riboflavin and methylfolate for normal homocysteine levels.
Folate-MTHFR 1298 - You have the heterozygous genotype that is associated with a reduced function of approximately
20%. If you have a heterozygous MTHFR 1298 and a heterozygous MTHFR 677, you have a higher need for folate to
maintain healthy homocysteine levels.
B6-CBS - Your genotype is associated with reduced CBS gene function for homocysteine levels, gut repair, and brain
health, increasing your need for B6.
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HORMONES
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin - If you are female, your genotype is associated with a sensitivity to oral contraceptives
and hormone replacement therapy in relation to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels for healthy hormone levels.
If you are male, higher SHBG levels could affect bone mineral density and SHBG may need to be tested. However,
variants may also positively lead to higher testosterone levels.
Vitamin D-CYP2R1 - Your genotype is associated with low circulating vitamin D levels that can affect immunity, breast
health in women, and testosterone levels in men. Check your vitamin D levels and make sure you are in range.
Estrogen Metabolism-CYP2C19 - Individuals with the CC genotype for CYP2C19*17 are considered the normal
metabolizer phenotype, which may lack the estrogen metabolism benefits of the ultra-rapid metabolizer phenotype.
Please review all genes involved in estrogen metabolism for a complete picture of the process.
Estrogen Metabolism-CYP1A2 - For men and women with the CYP1A2 AC intermediate caffeine metabolism genotype,
coffee intake was found to be less protective for breast and prostate health compared to the AA fast metabolizer.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Serotonin Receptor-Stress - The homozygous genotype has been associated with a reduced ability to regulate chronic
stress. This may be more pronounced in females with variants in BDNF. Chronic stress may increase the susceptibility to
anxiety, depression, OCD, and IBS. To mitigate perceived and chronic stress, you may require more aerobic exercise,
cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness training, meditation, yoga, singing, prebiotics, lactobacillus helveticus,
bifidobacterium longum, tryptophan, green tea, and B-vitamins.
Dopamine, Adrenaline and Estrogen-COMT - The wild-type GG COMT V158M genotype is associated with a negative
effect on executive function, problem-solving abilities, and mood due to lower dopamine concentrations, especially when
combined with variants in the ANKK1 gene. Increasing dietary catecholamines (coffee, green tea, black tea, cacao,
bananas, citrus, berries) and exercise or a job with an element of pressure and risk may increase dopamine
concentrations. This may be more relevant in men due to estrogen's influence on COMT.
Dopamine Receptors-ANKK1 - Your genotype is associated with a lower density of dopamine receptors, reducing
dopamine targets within the striatum of the brain known for rewarding feedback. Lower dopamine targets could lead to
a higher likelihood of addictive behaviors, compulsive eating, and ADHD. Getting 8 hours of sleep per night, keeping your
blood sugar balanced with adequate protein and fiber, high-intensity exercise, lower media exposure, vitamin D,
omega-3’s, and meditation all increase dopamine receptor density.
Anandamide-FAAH - You have the common CC genotype that encodes for the fast activity of FAAH. This is associated
with naturally lower anandamide levels that could increase anxiety, pain, pesticide sensitivity and a heightened stress
response to threatening situations. You may benefit from aerobic exercise over 30 minutes (especially in altitude), CBD
oil, red clover tea (women), kaempferol (raspberries, capers, cumin, cloves, almonds, cherry tomatoes, red wine), cacao,
echinacea, rosemary, and hops to increase anandamide levels.
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ANTIOXIDANTS AND INFLAMMATION
Cell Protection-SOD2 - You have the heterozygous AG genotype for SOD2. Your mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)
may have a higher sensitivity to glyphosate, fluoridated water, chronic stress, poor sleep, and shallow breathing.
Increase foods that contain manganese, lycopene, and vitamin C, milk thistle, mushrooms like reishi and cordyceps, and
exercise that encourages deep breathing.
Glutathione-GSTP1 - You have the heterozygous AG genotype for GSTP1 rs1695 that is associated with a higher
sensitivity to mercury, cadmium, arsenic, pesticides, and air pollution for breast, prostate, urinary, esophagus, and skin
health. Your GSTP1 rs1138272 genotype may increase or decrease this sensitivity. Selenium, vitamin C, milk thistle, and
cruciferous vegetables all assist GSTP1 gene function; however, supplemental vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol may be
inflammatory.
Glutathione-GPX1 - Your genotype is associated with a higher need for selenium to combat oxidative stress and less
tolerance to heat stress. Lower glutathione peroxidase increases the sensitivity to oxidative stress from low or high iron
levels, statin drugs, thyroid damage, sun damage, and dietary or environmental lead exposure. Selenium, cold exposure,
optimizing testosterone levels in men and estrogen in women, and adequate vitamin C, vitamin E, milk thistle, ginger,
cumin, anise, fennel, caraway, and cardamom intake are all ways to assist GPX1.
Nitric Oxide-NOS1 - Your genotype is associated with a higher recommended intake of red, orange, and yellow
vegetables (carrots, tomatoes, squash, corn, orange peppers, red peppers, yellow peppers, pumpkin, red beets, red
onions, yellow beets, and sweet potatoes) to modulate the inflammatory process for NOS1.
DETOXIFICATION
Liver Enzyme-CYP1A2 - You have the AC genotype for CYP1A2 that is associated with an increased sensitivity to
heterocyclic amines (fried meat) when combined with the homozygous GSTM1 null genotype or slow acetylator NAT2
genotype. Marinades, unfiltered fermented drinks (Kombucha, beer, wine), cruciferous vegetables, parsley, and spinach
have all been found to reduce the carcinogenic effect of heterocyclic amines.
Liver Enzyme-CYP1B1 - You have the GG genotype that is associated with reduced detoxification of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (highest in vegetable oils), oral contraceptives, cigarette smoke, an increased sensitivity to excessive sun
exposure, and high-dose biotin supplementation. You can assist CYP1B1 with seaweed, celery, berries, rooibos tea, red
wine, and dark roast coffee.
Liver Enzyme-CYP2D6 - Your genotype is associated with reduced clearance of certain drugs associated with CYP2D6
rs1065852. However, more CYP2D6 SNPs are needed for a complete panel. Please talk to your doctor about further
testing for CYP2D6 and drug metabolism.
Aromatic Amines-NAT2 - You have the slow acetylator genotype for the NAT2 gene. This is associated with reduced
detoxification of aromatic amines found in tobacco smoke, commercial hair dyes, industrial and manufacturing plants,
charred meat, and diesel exhaust for bladder, prostate and breast health. Cruciferous vegetables, carotenoids, and
vitamin C all assist NAT2 detoxification.
Statins-COQ2 - Your genotype is associated with a higher likelihood of statin drug-induced muscle pain.
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DNA DAMAGE, PROTECTION AND REPAIR
DNA Repair-ATM - Your genotype is associated with a higher need for folate to improve DNA repair in relation to
pancreatic and breast (females) health.
Prostate-ESR2 - For men with the ESR2 rs2987983 homozygous GG genotype, your genotype is associated with an
increased need for foods high in apigenin (celery, parsley), phytoestrogens (berries, beans, sourdough bread), milk
thistle, and iodine (sea vegetables) for prostate health. All genes related to prostate health should be analyzed to better
determine the cumulative value for prostate protection.
Breast-ESR2 - For women with the GG ESR2 rs2987983 genotype, your genotype is associated with reduced tumor
suppression function for breast health. An increase in phytoestrogens including flax seeds, fermented soy for Asian
women, milk thistle, and iodine (sea vegetables) may improve ESR2 gene function and tumor suppression activity. All
genes related to breast health should be analyzed to better determine the cumulative value for breast protection.
DNA Repair-TP53 - You have the homozygous CC genotype that may be advantageous for fertility in cold climates, but
also increases the need for selenium, zinc, vitamin C, reishi, and niacin for DNA repair against chemical toxicity to the
thyroid gland and skin.
CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE
Power and Recovery-ACTN3 - The RR genotype may be less beneficial for cold adaptation.
VO2 Max-PPARGC1A - Your genotype is associated with a higher need for more strategies to increase oxygen capacity
for aerobic exercise, including a structured endurance program, cold exposure, and adaptogens. Your genotype in the
GSTP1 rs1695 gene can also influence this result.
Muscle Recovery-IL6 - You have the CG genotype that is associated with higher levels of creatine kinase - a marker of
muscle damage - from workouts. To accelerate recovery, whey protein, cold water immersion, American ginseng,
curcumin, allicin, optimal testosterone levels, vitamin C, and collagen protein have all been found to attenuate creatine
kinase levels.
Muscle Injury-COL1A1 - You have the wild-type CC genotype that is associated with an increased need for dietary
collagen for healthy skin, tendons, corneas, lungs, and bones. Vitamin C, zinc, copper, glycine, proline, lysine, and B6 are
all precursors to collagen production.
Raw Fruit and Vegetable Intake-9p21 - You have the homozygous genotype that is associated with an increased need
for phytonutrients from a higher raw fruit and vegetable intake for a healthy heart.
Triglycerides-FADS1 - Your genotype is associated with a higher need for EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids to maintain
healthy triglyceride levels.
Potassium and Magnesium-ADD1 - If you have Asian ancestry, your genotype is associated with an increased risk of a
higher sodium intake causing elevated blood pressure. Increasing potassium, vitamin D, magnesium, calcium, garlic, and
omega-3's all lower blood pressure.
Phytoestrogens-TMPRSS2 - You have the GG genotype that is associated with a higher expression of the TMPRSS2
gene and could increase the susceptibility to viral infections and prostate issues (men). To decrease TMPRSS2
expression, increase your intake of phytoestrogens, curcumin, and lycopene.
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YOUR PERSONALIZED DNA-BASED GROCERY LIST
This section of the report represents the most expansive, actionable summary of what you can do, right now, to dramatically up-regulate
gene function, building a happier, healthier you! No technical expertise is required - just make these recommendations non-negotiable
when you visit the grocery store.
Your grocery list is generated based on a combination of unique gene variants that require an increased intake of the following vitamins,
minerals, phytonutrients, amino acids, fiber and more. This list generates the foods and drinks based on the highest levels for each section
and does not take into account any food allergies or sensitivities.
B12 Seafood, meat, dairy (if consuming dairy) and unfiltered fermented drinks
B2 Lamb, salmon, yogurt, liver and oyster mushrooms
B6
Wild salmon, yellowfin tuna, liver, chicken breast, unfiltered fermented drinks,
pistachios, avocado, sweet potatoes, and spinach
Beta-Carotene Sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach, squash, cantaloupe, and broccoli
Boron Prunes, avocados, raisins, peaches, apples, pears, and peanut butter
Folate
Collard greens, beets, black-eyed peas, raw spinach, asparagus, hummus, broccoli,
romaine lettuce, parsley, liver, strawberries, oranges, and sprouted lentils
Glycine Broth, collagen powder, meat with the skin, ribs, shanks, drumsticks, and baobob
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Lycopene Tomato sauce, whole tomatoes, guava, and watermelon
Manganese
Mussels, wild blueberries, hazelnuts, pecans, oysters, clams, hummus, spinach, and
cultivated blueberries
Niacin
Yellowfin tuna, canned tuna, wild salmon, ground turkey, chicken breast, liver, skirt
steak, white button mushrooms, and brown rice
Omega-3's Seafood and pastured eggs
Phytoestrogens
Dark berries, beans, sourdough bread, hummus, peanuts, miso soup, flax seeds
(women), tahini sauce, and cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, kale, Brussels
sprouts)
Polyphenols
Coffee, green tea, kombucha, blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries,
and cacao
Potassium
Wild salmon, avocados, potatoes, acorn squash, coconut water, sweet potato,
spinach, tomato sauce, and bananas
Selenium
Oysters, pork chops, beef, chicken breast, shrimp, eggs, shiitake mushrooms, and
whole grain sourdough bread
Vitamin A Liver, pastured eggs, cod liver oil, wild salmon oil, eel, and sockeye salmon
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Vitamin D Sockeye salmon, cod liver oil, canned tuna, wild herring, and sardines
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PERSONALIZED BLOOD WORK
These results are generated based on a combination of gene variants unique to you. These biomarkers may not be out of range based on
your diet and lifestyle habits, but they may be the ones for you to monitor to ensure you are making the right choices based on your
genetic results (your predispositions).
For example, if vitamin D comes up in this section, it does not mean that your current levels of vitamin D are actually low. What we are
saying is that based on a variety of genetic factors, your variants could make it more difficult to obtain recommended levels of circulating
vitamin D, so it might be prudent to further monitor to ensure that you are taking the necessary steps to turn genetic weaknesses into
strengths and maintain correct levels.
Adiponectin Check for low levels of adiponectin
B12
If poor B12 status is suspected, methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels may be needed to
accurately assess B12 status, absorption, and requirements
B6 B6 levels may need to be tested
Fasting Glucose and HbA1C Check both fasting glucose and HbA1C
Homocysteine Homocysteine should be between 7-9
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HORMONE SUPPORT
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
SHBG rs12150660 Heterozygous TG
SHBG rs1799941 Heterozygous AG
Recap
Improves SHBG Gene Function for Women: SHBG levels that are too low will
benefit from a high-fiber, low-fat diet, coffee, no sugar, and exercise 3-5 times a
week. SHBG levels that are too high may be caused from SHBG variants combined
with estrogen therapy (oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy).
Improves SHBG Gene Function and Testosterone for Men: Magnesium, zinc, vitamin
D, fish or fish oil, boron, adequate protein and a higher healthy fat intake (if
testosterone is low and other fat genes are working optimally).
Decreases SHBG Gene Function for Men and Women: Anorexia, fatty liver, obesity,
Type 2 diabetes, high fructose corn syrup, agave and crystalline fructose.
SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN
Research Women: Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is synthesized in the liver, and in the blood it transports and
regulates the access of sex steroids to their target tissues. Serum levels of SHBG are influenced by hormonal as well as
nutritional and metabolic status.
In a study of Italian women free of diabetes, serum SHBG levels showed a U-shaped trajectory with age, declining from age 20
to age 60, and increasing after the age 60 progressively after each decade. These changes mirror the age-related changes in
BMI and fasting insulin, suggesting that BMI and insulin negatively influence SHBG concentration.
The SHBG levels in AA homozygotes for rs1799941 were 39% higher than in GG homozygotes in post-menopausal women.
Subjects with the A allele (GA+AA) for rs1799941 had a trend for lower free estradiol index compared to the GG genotype.
They also had a significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) at the intertrochanter of the hip and trend for lower BMD at the
total hip.
Changes in SHBG concentration will also affect the levels of bioavailable testosterone in women. Elevations in estradiol (as
occurs during pregnancy), oral contraceptives, hormone therapy, anorexia and hyperthyroidism cause a marked increase in
SHBG levels with a subsequent decrease in serum free testosterone levels. Levels of SHBG that are too high could affect
mood, lean muscle mass, bone strength and sex drive.
Hypothyroidism, Type 2 diabetes, fatty liver and obesity are associated with SHBG levels that are too low, and therefore very
low SHBG can be a biomarker for these disorders. A low-fat and high-fiber diet alone or combined with exercise reduces
insulin, BMI levels and increases SHBG levels.
Research Men: Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is synthesized in the liver, and in the blood it transports and regulates
the access of sex steroids to their target tissues. Serum levels of SHBG are influenced by hormonal as well as nutritional and
metabolic status. In men, SHBG levels increase with age as testosterone levels decline.
Only a small fraction of the total testosterone - from 1% to 2% - is free in the blood and biologically active. About 40% to 70%
of total testosterone travels around with SHBG and may not available to your cells. This means a large part of total
testosterone may not be biologically active and available to your cells if SHBG is too high even though your testosterone is in a
healthy range.
One study showed that serum SHBG concentration is increased in middle-aged men with primary or secondary osteoporosis
and is correlated with bone remodeling markers, hip bone mineral density, and vertebral fracture risk. Serum SHBG level was
significantly higher (+42.2%), whereas free androgen index was lower (-24.8%) in patients with primary or secondary
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osteoporosis. Testosterone and estradiol levels did not correlate with any bone resorption or bone formation markers for men.
Another study found that osteoporotic Chinese men had lower free testosterone (FT) and higher levels of SHBG.
You can also go too far in the other direction. A study of men in the U.S indicated that men with lower concentrations of total
testosterone and SHBG had a higher likelihood of having metabolic syndrome than those with higher concentrations.
The associations of rs12150660 and rs6258 were confirmed in the three replication cohorts showing that men with the GT and
TT genotype for rs12150660 had higher levels of testosterone, free testosterone, and SHBG, while the TC genotype for rs6258
had lower testosterone, calculated free testosterone and SHBG compared to the wild-type CC genotype. Not enough subjects
had the homozygous TT genotype to produce data.
The rs6258 SHBG gene was found to substantially affect SHBG binding affinity by lowering free testosterone levels. The
lowest testosterone levels were found in those with the GG genotype of rs1210660 and the TC or TT genotype of rs6258.
Therefore variants in rs12150660 may benefit free testosterone levels even though SHBG is higher, however this may depends
on your rs6258 genotype.
Another study found that individuals with the AA genotype for rs1799941 were associated with decreased sperm motility
compared to GG genotypes. Research has found that vitamin C supplementation might improve sperm count, sperm motility,
and sperm morphology.
Vitamin D-CYP2R1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
CYP2R1 rs10741657 Heterozygous AG
Recap
Improves CYP2R1 Gene Function: Sun exposure, adequate vitamin D intake and
vitamin D co-factors.
Decreases CYP2R1 Gene Function: Lack of sun exposure, high fructose intake and
lack of vitamin D co-factors.
VITAMIN D-CYP2R1
Research: Studies confirm that CYP2R1 is the principal 25-hydroxylase in humans and demonstrates that CYP2R1 alleles have
dosage-dependent effects on vitamin D homeostasis.
A 2018 meta-analysis of sixteen articles with a total of 52,417 participants was reviewed for rs10741657. The GG genotype
was associated with a clear descending trend of 25(OH)D levels when compared with the AA genotype in Caucasian and Asian
populations.
Research has shown that oral administration of vitamin D led to negligible increases in serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D for
homozygotes, and significantly lower increases in serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in heterozygous subjects than in control
subjects. The heterozygous effect may only be relevant in Caucasian populations.
Vitamin D can influence the expression of more than 1,000 genes and vitamin D deficiency has been linked to fatty liver,
seizures, infertility, osteoporosis, cancer, autism (mother deficient), depression, heart attacks, Alzheimer's, dementia, high
blood pressure, low testosterone in men, autoimmune disorders and more.
The literature is mixed on optimal vitamin D levels, which most likely vary based on your heritage, skin color and current health
issues. The most well documented cause of Vitamin D deficiency is inadequate sunlight exposure such as high latitude
countries. Paradoxically, despite its high sunlight hours, vitamin D deficiency is well recognized in Middle Eastern women, inner
city young adults in America, athletes and dancers in Israel, elite gymnasts in Australia, young Hawaiian surfers, and adolescent
girls in England.
For athletes, vitamin D deficiency has long been associated with muscle weakness and suboptimal muscle function. A positive
59
relationship between serum vitamin D level and jump height, jump velocity and power was found in young women.
Clinical vitamin D deficiency is below 20 ng/ml. There is little evidence to prove there is a benefit for levels above 50 ng/ml. The
latest cancer research has found that women with 25(OH)D concentrations greater than 40 ng/ml had a 67% lower risk of
cancer than women with concentrations less than 20 ng/ml. Pesticides have been linked to suppressing vitamin D levels and
creating a vitamin D deficiency. Your PON1 gene function should also be assessed.
Research has found that sunlight is the optimal way to optimize vitamin D levels along with exercise, vitamin D rich foods and
vitamin D cofactors, however supplementation may be necessary.
Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
SHBG
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
(SHBG) is synthesized in the liver,
and in the blood it transports and
regulates the access of sex
steroids to their target tissues.
SHBG-rs12150660 TG
SHBG-rs1799941 AG
SHBG
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
(SHBG) is synthesized in the liver,
and in the blood it transports and
regulates the access of sex
steroids to their target tissues.
Variants in this gene have been
shown to lead to lower
testosterone, calculated free
testosterone and SHBG in men.
SHBG-rs6258 CC
DI01
DI01 is connected to thyroid
health and is responsible for the
deiodination of T4 into T3.
DI01-rs2235544 AC
DI02
DI02 is connected to thyroid
health and is responsible for the
deiodination of T4 into T3. D2 is
the only activating deiodinase in
the brain.
DI02-rs225014 TT
CYP2R1
Vitamin D is technically a
hormone, and CYP2R1 is
connected to circulating vitamin
D levels.
CYP2R1-
rs10741657
AG
CYP1A1
CYP1A1 is in the estrogen
metabolism pathway along with
CYP1B1, CYP1A2, CYP31A,
SULT’s and COMT.
CYP1A1-rs1048943 TT
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
CYP2C19*17
Genetic variability impacts
expression and activity of
CYP2C19 and therefore can
influence drug metabolism and
catabolism of estrogens.
CYP2C19*17-
rs12248560
CC
CYP1A2
CYP1A2 is a key enzyme in
caffeine metabolism and the 2-
hydroxylation of the main
estrogens, estrone, and estradiol.
CYP1A2-rs762551 AC
COMT
COMT is involved in
catecholamine, dopamine,
adrenaline, and estrogen
metabolism through the
inactivation of the catechol
estrogens.
COMT-rs4680 GG
FUT2
The FUT2 gene controls prebiotic
production, B12 absorption, and
how much bifidobacteria you
carry in your digestive tract.
FUT2-rs601338 GG
FUT2
The FUT2 gene controls prebiotic
production, B12 absorption, and
how much bifidobacteria you
carry in your digestive tract. The
FUT2 gene rs1047781 (A385T)
has been shown to be a potential
functional variant associated with
vitamin B12 status and a major
FUT2 secretor defining SNP in
East Asians.
FUT2-rs1047781 AA
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MACRONUTRIENT METABOLISM
Beta Carotene to Vitamin A Conversion Rate-BCMO1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
BCMO1 A379V rs7501331 Wild Type CC
BCMO1 R267S
rs12934922
Heterozygous AT
Recap
Improves BCMO1 Gene Function: Vitamin A in the form of retinol and zinc.
Decreases BCMO1 Gene Function: Relying on beta-carotene for vitamin A
requirements.
BETA CAROTENE TO VITAMIN A CONVERSION RATE-BCMO1
Research: If you are heterozygous or homozygous for BCMO1 A379V or BCMO1 RS267S, you have a reduced conversion of
beta-carotene to vitamin A. If you have a heterozygous or homozygous BCMO1 RS267S and BCMO1 RS267S, the reduction is
even more dramatic. Many nutrition labels will have beta-carotene listed as vitamin A, however this is not true vitamin A.
The normal conversion for beta-carotene (carrots, sweet potatoes) to retinol is 1:6 and 1:12 for other carotenoids. Female
volunteers carrying the T variant of rs7501331 (379V) had a 32% lower ability to convert beta-carotene, and those carrying at
least one T in both SNPs (379V and R267S) show a 69% lower ability to convert beta-carotene into retinol.
In a cohort study of 48,400 US men and 75,170 US women, during a follow-up period of more than 26 years, a higher total
vitamin A intake was associated with a reduction in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma risk.
You want to make sure you consume animal based vitamin A (pastured egg yolks, wild salmon oil, cod liver oil, butter) along
with zinc for digestive lining repair, oral health, eye health, iron mobilization, mitochondria health, skin health (sunburns deplete
vitamin A in the skin, and acne responds to vitamin A), healthy lung function, and increased immunity.
ALA to EPA and DHA Conversion-FADS2
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
FADS2 rs1535 Heterozygous AG
FADS2 rs174575 Heterozygous CG
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Recap
Improves FADS2 Gene Function: EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids.
Decreases FADS2 Gene Function: Relying on plant-based omega-3 fatty acid ALA
for those with the heterozygous or homozygous variant.
ALA TO EPA AND DHA CONVERSION-FADS2
Research: You may have a decreased conversion rate of the plant based omega-3 fatty acid ALA to DHA and should choose
DHA sources for sufficient omega-3's.
FADS1 and FADS2 are enzymes that are involved in converting omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for brain development and
inflammation control. Like the lactase gene, FADS1 is likely to be a critical gene of adaptation. In this case, it was in response
to a plant-based diet versus a meat and fish based diet depending on migration routes and food availability.
It has been hypothesized that populations that began to rely more on plant-based diets adapted with the selected allele in
FADS2 to synthesize more EPA and DHA from plants. The Inuit populations of Greenland, for example, who rely heavily on
seafood with very little plant intake, have a deleted allele showing an opposite adaptation to a diet without plants.
A meta-analysis has found an association between variants in FADS2 in European heritage and a low conversion rate of ALA
(plant-based omega-3) to DHA. There is also evidence for gene variants in those with African, Chinese, and Hispanic ancestry
having a reduced conversion rate.
Children who had a higher dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 were vulnerable for developing colitis if they also presented
specific variants in FADS2.
A higher need of animal-based EPA and DHA may be needed for those with variants in FADS2.
B6-NBPF3
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
NBPF3 rs4654748 Heterozygous TC
Recap
Improves NBPF3 Gene Function: B6
Decreases NBPF3 Gene Function: Sugar, stress, high intake of alcohol and refined
flour based carbohydrates, antibiotics, oral contraceptives, ACE inhibitors, antacids,
proton pump inhibitors, Phenytoin, bronchodilators, Digoxin, diuretics, hormone
replacement therapy, Estradiol, MAO inhibitors, St. John's Wort and Parnate.
B6-NBPF3
Research: You may require a higher intake of B6. Heterozygotes (TC genotype), have a 1.45 ng/mL lower Vitamin B6 blood
concentration than the wild-type genotype.
Vitamin B6 plays a major role in neurotransmitter health. B6 deficiency can manifest as anorexia, irritability, anxiety,
depression, muscle pain, bad PMS/low progesterone, nausea, seizures, migraines, dermatitis, age related macular
degeneration (with low folate and B12) and lethargy.
Researchers have found an inverse association between ovarian cancer risk and vitamin B6 intake. Subjects with the highest
vitamin B6 intake showed a 24 percent decrease in the likelihood of developing ovarian cancer compared to the individuals with
the lowest intake.
Women of reproductive age, especially current and former users of oral contraceptives, teenagers, male smokers, non-Hispanic
African-American men, and men and women over age 65 are most at risk of B6 deficiency. Data suggests that oral
contraceptive users have extremely low plasma PLP levels. Three quarters of the women who reported using oral
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contraceptives, but not vitamin B6 supplements, were vitamin B6 deficient.
Adiponectin-ADIPOQ
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
ADIPOQ rs2241766 Heterozygous TG
Recap
Improves ADIPOQ Gene Function: Exercise, weight loss, low red meat consumption
(depending on weight and ethnicity), intermittent fasting, omega-3 fatty acids,
pterostilbene, coffee, tiliroside, berberine, chili peppers, ginger and curcumin.
Decreases ADIPOQ Gene Function: Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, high red meat
consumption (depending on weight and ethnicity), and smoking.
ADIPONECTIN-ADIPOQ
Research: Adiponectin is released by adipose (fat) tissue and is known as an insulin-sensitizing hormone, which can increase
the effect of insulin and improve glucose metabolism. Decreased levels of adiponectin have been found in people with obesity,
Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and ADHD.
Approximately 2,511 variations have been identified in the human ADIPOQ gene, including rs2241766 that has been associated
with breast, colon, gastric, hepatocellular, prostate and endometrial health in different populations. A genome-wide association
study (GWAS) revealed that the ADIPOQ gene could explain 6.7% of the phenotypic variance for plasma adiponectin.
Studies have found that carriers of the ADIPOQ rs2241766 TG and GG genotype are more likely to be associated with lower
adiponectin, higher insulin resistance, heart disease and potentially colon cancer risk based on gender and ethnicity compared
with those carrying the TT genotype.
A 2017 meta-analysis of 35 studies found that rs2241766 was linked to an increased risk of coronary heart disease
development. A second 2017 meta-analysis of twelve case control studies found that variants in ADIPOQ rs2241766 was
correlated with colon cancer risk, especially in cases of insulin resistance with rs2241766 in Ashkenazi Jewish and Chinese
populations. A 2015 study found that “ADIPOQ rs2241766 and rs1501299 could be associated with colorectal pathogenesis
and could have interactions with red meat intake” in the Chinese population.
Research has shown that a high intake of unprocessed and processed red meat intake was associated with higher plasma CRP,
ferritin, fasting insulin, HbA1c and lower adiponectin levels. However, when adjusted for BMI (body mass index), inflammatory
and glucose metabolic biomarkers were substantially attenuated and no longer significant.
Accumulating literature had suggested that adiponectin plays a role in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes. A study of
Malaysian women found a significant association with the TG genotype and gestational diabetes. In addition, normal patients
with the wild-type TT genotype had significantly higher plasma adiponectin level compared to other groups.
In women, higher red and processed meat consumption has been significantly associated with a higher CRP and lower
adiponectin levels. When stratified for ethnicity, significantly associations of red and processed meat intake and lower
adiponectin levels were observed only in African Americans and Latinas, but not in Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians or
whites.
Research has shown a significant increase in plasma adiponectin concentrations in human obese subjects after a 3-month
treatment with the omega-3 fatty acid EPA (1.8 g daily), showing one pathway in which omega-3 fatty acids protect against
heart disease.
One study found that pterostilbene (blueberries, mulberries, cranberries, raw almonds) demonstrated antiobesity properties by
upregulating adiponectin and downregulating leptin.
Another study evaluated the effect of tiliroside (rose hips, strawberries, raspberries) in obese, diabetic mice and found that that
plasma insulin, free fatty acid and triglyceride levels were decreased, and plasma adiponectin levels were increased.
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One study found that berberine reduces TNF- and leptin expression levels, while adiponectin was increased by 35% after
treatment of berberine.
A mice study found that capsaicin, a compound in hot peppers, decreased levels of IL-6 and increased the level of adiponectin
released from obese fat tissues and fat cells.
In breast cancer patients, both 750mg of ginger daily and swimming 4x a week increased adiponectin, nitric oxide, and
glutathione peroxidase.
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in human subjects, curcumin from the spice turmeric, improved serum
levels of adiponectin and leptin in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Fat Metabolism-ACSL1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
ACSL1 rs9997745 Wild Type GG
Recap
Improves ACSL1 Gene Function: Total fat intake under 35%, lower saturated fat
intake and increased PUFA intake.
Decreases ACSL1 Gene Function: A saturated fat intake over 35%.
FAT METABOLISM-ACSL1
Research: If you have the GG genotype, it may be beneficial for fat intake to be below 35% of your total calories or have a
higher intake of polyunsaturated fat from fish, nuts and seeds if you struggle with weight and high glucose.
The GG genotype had higher fasting glucose and insulin concentrations compared with the minor A allele carriers from
saturated fat intake, with the result that the GG genotype were more insulin resistant. Among individuals within the top 50th
percentile of PUFA intake, the metabolic syndrome risk associated with GG homozygosity was eliminated.
Foods that are higher on the insulin index include dairy and red meat, and insulin inhibits fat breakdown. Fat should come
primarily from nuts, seeds, olive oil, avocados, poultry and fish if there are issues with fasting glucose, insulin or weight.
Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
BCMO1 A379V
BCMO1 encodes the conversion
rate from beta-carotene to
vitamin A.
BCMO1 A379V-
rs7501331
CC
BCMO1 R267S-
rs12934922
AT
FADS2
The FADS2 gene encodes the
conversion of plant based
omega-3 fatty acid alpha
linolenic acid (ALA) to EPA.
FADS2-rs1535 AG
FADS2-rs174575 CG
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
FUT2
The FUT2 gene controls
prebiotic production, B12
absorption and how much
bifidobacteria you carry in your
digestive tract. The rs601338
SNP is found in European,
African and Indian populations.
FUT2-rs601338 GG
FUT2
The FUT2 gene controls
prebiotic production, B12
absorption, and how much
bifidobacteria you carry in your
digestive tract. Variants in the
rs1047781 FUT2 SNP are found
in the East Asian populations.
FUT2-rs1047781 AA
NBPF3
NBPF3 has been associated
with vitamin B6 levels.
NBPF3-rs4654748 TC
SLC23A1
Solute carrier family 23
member 1 (SLC23A1) is one of
the two transporters which aids
in the absorption of vitamin C
into the body. Polymorphisms
in the gene are associated with
reduced plasma vitamin C levels
in the body.
SLC23A1-
rs33972313
CC
ACAT1-02
The ACAT gene converts
protein and fat to ATP (energy)
in the mitochondria, and plays
an important role in cellular
cholesterol homeostasis.
ACAT1-02-
rs3741049
GG
ADIPOQ
ADIPOQ encodes for
adiponectin, a protein secreted
by fat cells that affect insulin
and glucose metabolism. Low
levels of adiponectin play a role
in obesity, insulin resistance
and Type 2 diabetes.
ADIPOQ-
rs2241766
TG
66
Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
HFE-C282Y
A homozygous HFE C282Y may
lead to an iron overload due to
increased iron absorption and
disrupted metabolism.
HFE-C282Y-
rs1800562
GG
HFE-C282Y
A heterozygous HFE C282Y and
HFE H63D gene may lead to an
iron overload due to increased
iron absorption and disrupted
metabolism.
HFE-C282Y-
rs1800562
GG
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
SLC22A5
L-Carnitine is responsible for
shuttling fats into your cells,
modulating your lipid profile,
glucose metabolism, oxidative
stress, fat loss and
inflammatory responses in the
mitochondria.
SLC22A5-
rs1045020
CC
SLC22A5-
rs17622208
AG
SLC22A5-
rs2073643
TC
SLC22A5-rs274549 CC
SLC22A5-rs274550 TT
SLC22A5-rs274551 CC
SLC22A5-rs274570 CC
SLC22A5-rs274558 AA
SLC22A5-rs274557 TT
SLC22A5-
rs17689550
CC
SLC22A5-rs274567 CC
SLC22A5-rs671473 CC
SLC22A5-
rs2631359
CC
SLC22A5-
rs4646301
GG
SLC22A5-rs274571 AA
SLC22A5-rs635619 GG
SLC22A5-
rs2073642
CC
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
PPAR-alpha
The PPAR-alpha gene plays a
vital role in fatty acid
metabolism and ketosis, and is
considered one of the most
critical targets for ameliorating
abnormalities with triglycerides,
HDL, LDL, VLDL, and ApoB.
PPAR-alpha-
rs1800206
CC
ACSL1
Long-chain acyl CoA synthetase
1 (ACSL1) plays an important
role in fatty acid metabolism
and triglyceride synthesis.
Disturbance of these pathways
may result in dyslipidemia and
insulin resistance, hallmarks of
the metabolic syndrome.
ACSL1-rs9997745 GG
FTO
Polymorphisms in the FTO
genes have been shown to
cause higher ghrelin levels
(hunger hormone) in many
populations, which can create a
larger appetite and the potential
for overeating.
FTO-rs9939609 AT
FTO-rs17817449 TG
APOA2
The APOA2 gene contains
instructions for making a
protein called apolipoprotein A-
II, which is found in HDL
cholesterol particles. The
homozygous genotype has
been linked to saturated fat
intake and weight gain.
APOA2-rs5082 AG
TCF7L2
TCF7L2 polymorphisms have
been associated with low
incretin hormones and impaired
insulin secretion.
TCF7L2-rs7903146 CC
LCT
LCT is the gene connected with
the ability to breakdown lactose
in dairy.
LCT-rs4988235 AA
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
APB1
APB1 is encodes for the DAO
enzyme to breakdown
histamines primarily in the
digestive tract. The
homozygous genotype may
increase the risk of migraines
from histamines in women or a
hypersensitivity to Aspirin in
men.
APB1-rs10156191 TC
ABCG2 (Q141K)
The ABCG2 (Q141K) gene is
located at the membrane of
kidney proximal tubule cells,
where it mediates renal urate
secretion. Variants in this gene
are linked to reduced uric acid
excretion.
ABCG2 (Q141K)-
rs2231142
GG
ALDH2
Alcohol metabolism in the liver
most commonly involves the
enzymes alcohol
dehydrogenase and aldehyde
dehydrogenase, metabolizing
alcohol to acetaldehyde, and
then to acetate. ALDH2
encodes for aldehyde
dehydrogenase, and variants
can affect the levels of
acetaldehyde and therefore the
carcinogenic effect of alcohol.
ALDH2-rs671 GG
70
INFLAMMATION & ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION
Cell Protection-SOD2
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
SOD2 rs4880 Heterozygous AG
Recap
Improves SOD2 Gene Function: Manganese, boron, vitamin A, C, E, omega-3 fatty
acids, CoQ10, lutein, lycopene, milk thistle, cordyceps, holy basil, reishi and
cryotherapy.
Decreases SOD2 Gene Function: Glyphosate, fluoridated water, chronic stress, poor
sleep, shallow breathing, high iron levels and food dyes.
CELL PROTECTION-SOD2
Research: SOD2 is superoxide dismutase, which protects against the inflammatory superoxide inside the cell for the
mitochondria (power house of the cell). SOD2 is manganese dependent, and adequate intake is important. Manganese is
crucial for heart health, blood sugar, male fertility, bone health and protecting the brain against glutamate toxicity.
Exercise also helps improve SOD2 activity. Studies show exercise intensity can reduce cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial
infarction due to improved SOD2 function.
Glutathione level and activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione
reductase) have been found to be increased in yoga practitioners. One year of Tai Chi training has been reported to promote
superoxide dismutase activity and lessen lipid peroxidation.
One study found that young men exposed to cryotherapy for 3 minutes at -202°F (−130°C) everyday for 20 days doubled the
activity of one the antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase, and increased superoxide dismutase by 43%.
Chronic stress, poor sleep, shallow breathing and food dye consumption are examples of ways intracellular inflammation can
occur. Food dyes have been found to inhibit mitochondrial respiration; the ability of the powerhouse of your cells to convert
nutrients to energy and food dyes are often used ironically in sports drinks and multivitamins.
Fluoride decreases SOD2 activity in studies, and 75% of the water in the U.S. is fluoridated compared to 3% of western
Europe. Reverse osmosis systems remove fluoride from water.
Variants in SOD2 increase the need for manganese to protect the mitochondria and lactobacillus in the gut. Colitis has been
linked to impaired SOD2 genes.
Vitamin, A, C, E, omega-3 fatty acids, cordyceps and reishi help protect mitochondria against intracellular superoxide in red
blood cells.
Glutathione-GSTP1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
GSTP1 I105V rs1695 Heterozygous AG
71
Recap
Improves GSTP1 Gene Function: Glycine, cysteine, selenium, vitamin C, B1, B6,
zinc, magnesium, optimal iron levels, magnesium, alpha lipoic acid, milk thistle, holy
basil and vitamin E supplementation for the homozygous GG genotype only.
Decreases GSTP1 Gene Function: Mercury, arsenic, cadmium, pesticides, and air
pollution.
GLUTATHIONE-GSTP1
Research: Glutathione is the master antioxidant system involved in oxidative stress, detoxification and immunity. It requires the
amino acids glycine, cysteine and glutamate. Selenium activates the glutathione system and works in concert with vitamin E as
a potent antioxidant against plasma and LDL lipid peroxidation.
The functional polymorphism of the GSTP1 Ile105Val gene, which reduces enzymatic activity, involves an A-G substitution.
Carriers of these mutations are less able to detoxify carcinogens, and epidemiological studies have suggested that individuals
differing in the expression of allelic variants of GSTP1 gene differ in susceptibility to various chemical carcinogens.
A meta-analysis of 10,067 cancer cases and 12,276 controls in 41 independent case–control studies from 19 articles found a
significant increase in risk in breast cancer in Caucasions with variants in GSTP1 rs1695. A second meta-analysis found the
same results with Asians that had the GG genotype. A 2020 study found that the rs1695 homozygous GG genotype was
associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but not the AG genotype. Other research has shown the risk to be higher in
premenopausal women vs. post-menopausal women.
An analysis of that included 3,035 breast cancer cases and 3,037 population controls in a Chinese population found that
cruciferous vegetable intake helped offset the risk of the GG genotype, with a lower risk associated with a higher cruciferous
vegetable intake.
A meta-analysis of 11,762 cases and 15,150 controls from 51 studies showed a statistically significant association between
GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism with prostate cancer risk and urinary system cancer among Asians.
GSTP1 rs1695 variants were reported to be associated with the risk of esophageal cancer and malignant melanoma in the
Caucasian population, but not childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia or bladder cancer.
Glutathione-related polymorphisms, such as GSTM1 and GSTP1 have also been found to increase the elevation and toxicity of
mercury. Selenium blocks mercury uptake, folate decreases mercury levels and magnesium and holy basil protect against
mercury toxicity.
One benefit of the GSTP1 AG and GG genotype appears to be in athletic training. GSTP1 rs1695 AG and GG may be high
responders to endurance training due to an impaired ability to remove excess reactive oxygen species. The hypothesis is that
better activation of cell signaling pathways results in positive muscle adaptations. Women with at least one copy of the G allele
showed a significantly greater increase in V?O2max in response to applied training.
In healthy control subjects, the effect of a-tocopherol supplementation on the production of inflammatory cytokines appears to
be dependent on an individual's GSTP1 rs1695 genotype. These genotype-specific differences may help explain some of the
discordant results in studies that used vitamin E. Persons having the alleles AA or AG in GSTP1 rs1695 had an increase in
inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) upon supplementing alpha-tocopherol (the most common form of Vitamin E in a North
American diet) while those with GG saw a decrease.
Glutathione-GPX1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
GPX1 rs1050450 Heterozygous AG
72
Recap
Improves GPX1 Gene Function: Selenium, optimal testosterone and estradiol levels,
melatonin, vitamin C, vitamin E, black cumin seed oil, flavonoids, milk thistle, ginger,
cumin, anise, fennel, caraway, cardamom and cryotherapy.
Decreases GPX1 Gene Function: Selenium deficiency, statin drugs, iron deficiency or
elevated iron, and lead.
GLUTATHIONE-GPX1
Research: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) transforms the inflammatory superoxide to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the next
step is for glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) to transform it to water (H2O). When GPX1 function is modulated by polymorphisms
and other factors affecting its function, a hydroxyl radical may be more likely to form which attacks DNA and causes strand
breaks.
Research has shown that there is reason to believe that individual requirements for selenium will differ because of
polymorphisms in seleno-protein genes. In a study looking at a New Zealand population, homozygous minor allele carriers of
GPX1 rs1050450 had lower GPX1 activity than other genotypes with the same selenium status.
Elevated lead levels may have more toxic effects with GPX1 polymorphisms. A study looking at 362 patients and 494 controls
found that lead exposure and GPX1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with glioblastoma and meningioma. Vitamin C
decreases blood lead levels, and calcium reduces lead uptake.
GPX1 activity is considered to be the most important antioxidant enzyme defense mechanism in the skin. In a study from the
Journal of Dermatological Science, the homozygous genotype for GPX1 rs1050450 was associated with a a two-fold increased
risk of melanoma.
Statins inhibit the biosynthesis of selenium containing proteins, one of which is glutathione peroxidase serving to suppress
peroxidative stress. An impairment of selenoprotein biosynthesis may be a factor in congestive heart failure, reminiscent of the
dilated cardiomyopathies seen with selenium deficiency. A meta-analysis found that East Asian populations may be prone to
cardiovascular issues with GPX1 polymorphisms.
Oxidative stress and inflammation play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's disease, an autoimmune disorder. A
study looking at patients in Northwest Iran found that antioxidant capacity in Hashimoto's patients was lower than healthy
controls. There was also a significant association with variants in GPX1 rs1050450, elevated anti-TPO levels, and Hashimoto's
risk. The thyroid is the organ with the highest amount of selenium per gram of tissue. Research has suggested that selenium
supplementation of patients with Hashimoto's disease is associated with a reduction in anti-TPO levels, improved thyroid
ultrasound features, and improved quality of life.
In an experiment investigating the effect of heat and cold stress on glutathione metabolism in human erythrocytes, men were
immersed at three different water temperatures for 10 min. At 39 degrees C (102 F), glutathione peroxidase decreased from
35.90 (1.83) to 34.33 (1.66) IU.g. The researchers concluded that "these changes indicate that heat stress causes oxidative
stress in the human body; however, cold stress is thought to augment the activity of the antioxidative defense system. It is
suggested that body exposure to hot environmental conditions should not be recommended for patients suffering from a
damaged antioxidative defense system."
One study found that elite kayakers that engaged in whole body cryotherapy (-248 to 284°F or -120 to 140°C) for 3 minutes a
day for 10 days increased the activity of superoxide dismutase by 36% and glutathione peroxidase by 68%.
Nitric Oxide-NOS1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
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GENE GENOTYPE
NOS1 rs545654 Wild Type CC
NOS1 rs7298903 Wild Type TT
NOS1 rs3782218 Homozygous TT
Recap
Improves NOS1 Gene Function: Carotenoids, polyphenols and DHA. Decreases NOS1 Gene Function: Psychological stress and pesticides.
NITRIC OXIDE-NOS1
Research: Nitric oxide acts as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, vasodilator, anti-microbial, ant-tumorigenic, insulin
secretions, peristalsis, inhibiting calcium entry into the cell, increasing potassium channels, and decreasing intracellular calcium.
NOS1 has a role in the regulation of the serotonin pathway, the HPA axis, and psychological stress. Chronic stress increases
NOS1 expression in many parts of the brain, including the hippocampus (affecting emotion and memory). Recent studies have
reported gene-specific and global changes in DNA methylation in response to psychological stress in humans. Chronic
psychosocial stress has been associated with accelerated aging at the cellular level including shortened telomeres, low
telomerase activity, decreased antioxidant capacity, and increased oxidative stress.
Variants in NOS1 may benefit from balancing the HPA axis (primary stress response system) and polyphenol consumption.
There is considerable evidence showing that cellular oxidative damage occurring in Parkinson's disease might result also from
the actions of altered production of nitric oxide. Polyphenols modulate neuroinflammation by inhibiting the expression of
inflammatory genes and the level of intracellular antioxidants.
NOS1 also plays a role in oxidative stress and cancer prevention. For oxidative stress, interactions were found between
pesticides, SOD3, and the NOS1 SNPs rs12829185, rs1047735, and rs2682826. The foods correlated in research to improved
NOS1 function include carrots, tomatoes, squash, corn, orange peppers, red peppers, yellow peppers, pumpkin, red beets, red
onions, yellow beets, and sweet potatoes to offset oxidative stress. One study found that carriers of the variant allele for NOS1
(rs2293054) that had the highest intake of these foods had a 50% reduced risk of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and up to 30-70%
reduced risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
SOD2
Superoxide dismutase
(SOD2) is manganese
dependent and protects
against superoxide for the
mitochondria of the cell.
Variants here increase the
need for intracellular
antioxidant protection.
SOD2-rs4880 AG
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
CAT C-262T
CAT makes an enzyme called
catalase, which helps reduce
oxidative stress.
CAT C-262T-
rs1001179
CC
GSTM1
GSTM1 catalyzes the
detoxification of alkyl and
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs),
intermediate forms of many
carcinogens, specifically
metabolically generated
epoxide intermediates of
benzo(a)pyrene.
GSTM1-rs366631 AG
GSTP1 I105V
Glutathione S-Transferase
(GSTP1) is linked to the
metabolism of mutagens,
carcinogens, and other
poisonous chemicals. It plays
a crucial role in the
detoxification process,
thereby protecting cells from
these compounds. GSTP1
rs1695 is connected to
breast, prostate, urinary,
esophagus, and skin health.
GSTP1 I105V-
rs1695
AG
GSTP1 C341T
Glutathione S-Transferase
(GSTP1) is linked to the
metabolism of mutagens,
carcinogens, and other
poisonous chemicals. It plays
a crucial role in the
detoxification process,
thereby protecting cells from
these compounds. GSTP1
rs1138272 is connected to
the colon, prostate, lung,
throat, and fertility.
GSTP1 C341T-
rs1138272
CC
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
GPX1
The GPX1 (Glutathione
peroxidase 1) gene encodes a
protein responsible for the
modulation and detoxification
of hydroperoxides and
hydrogen peroxide to protect
the mitochondria and
cytoplasm of cells against
oxidative damage.
GPX1-rs1050450 AG
CTH
The CTH (Cystathionine
Gamma-Lyase) gene encodes
an enzyme in the trans-
sulfuration pathway that
converts cystathionine
derived from methionine into
cysteine. Glutathione
synthesis in the liver is
dependent upon the
availability of cysteine.
CTH-rs1021737 GG
NOS1
NOS1 (nNOS) codes for brain
neural transmission, memory,
learning, psychological stress,
the peripheral nervous
system and potentially the
lymph nodes.
NOS1-rs545654 CC
NOS1-rs7298903 TT
NOS1-rs3782218 TT
NOS2
NOS2 (iNOS) encodes for
wound, tissue damage,
infection and hypoxia (low
oxygen).
NOS2-rs2248814 GG
ARMS2
ARMS2 polymorphism is
associated with increased risk
of age related macular
degeneration (AMD).
ARMS2-
rs10490924
GG
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MENTAL HEALTH & COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE
MAO-Serotonin
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
MAO-A rs6323 Heterozygous TG
Recap
Improves MAO-A Gene Function: Vitamin B6, folate, B12, B2, magnesium, vitamin
C and probiotics.
Decreases Gene Function: Antibiotics, aspartame, oral contraceptives, proton pump
inhibitors, high estrogen levels, constipation and deficiencies in the vitamins and
minerals above.
MAO-SEROTONIN
Research: MAO-A (Monoamine oxidase A) is a critical enzyme involved in breaking down important neurotransmitters such as
serotonin, estrogen, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Normal variants for men may not be as relevant as they are for women
due to the role of estrogen.
The heterozygous genotype of MAO-A does not have a major impact on MAO-A function, however, MAO-A can still be
disturbed by high estrogen levels, constipation, antibiotics, certain medications and vitamin deficiencies.
Serotonin Receptor-Stress
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
5-HT2A rs6313 Homozygous AA
5-HT2A rs6311 Homozygous TT
Recap
Improves Gene Function: Moderate intensity aerobic exercise, cognitive behavioral
therapy, mindfulness training, meditation, yoga, tryptophan, green or black tea,
prebiotics, probiotics, B2, B6, B12, and folate.
Decreases 5-HT2A Gene Function: Chronic stress, poor gut flora, high-dose lithium,
cannabis abuse, and excessive smartphone use.
SEROTONIN RECEPTOR-STRESS
Research: The serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) has been implicated in mental disorders with complex etiologies that are still not
clearly understood, in processes such as learning and memory, and also in neurogenesis. Although the functional significance of
5-HT2A polymorphisms are not entirely understood, there is evidence that rs6311 modulates transcription factor binding and
promoter methylation, affecting gene transcription (the first step of gene expression).
The T allele of the 5-HT2A gene rs6311 has been shown to increase the 5-HT2A expression in vitro and is associated with
anxiety, IBS and depressive disorders. It has also been hypothesized that 5-HT2A variants may influence resting vagal activity
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among persons with chronically high levels of perceived stress.
In one study in a Han Chinese population, the TT homozygous genotype for rs6311 experienced diminished resting vagal tone
compared to the CC genotype when experiencing chronically elevated levels of perceived stress. Low vagal tone is correlated
with a lower capacity to regulate stress and has been associated with heightened emotional reactivity and poor inhibitory
control in numerous studies in children and adolescents. A meta-analysis also reported a low resting vagal tone in adults with
major depression.
One meta-analysis showed that the T allele of rs6311 or the linked A allele of rs6313 was significantly associated with
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This result was confirmed in the author’s subsequent comprehensive meta-analysis in
2016 with a larger dataset. Multiple studies in this analysis indicated that the rs6311 T allele was more abundant in females
with OCD compared to control females.
Another meta-analysis of 37 twin samples suggests that obsessions and compulsions arise from a combination of genetic
factors and non-shared environment. OCD might be shaped by a large number of genes of modest impact, which combine to
influence the risk for developing OCD. Polymorphisms in genes related to BDNF, GABA, glutamate, serotonin, acetylcholine,
glycine, ubiquitin, bradykinin, myelinization, TNFA, gender and environmental trauma may all have a cumulative effect on
whether or not someone develops OCD.
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting about 2-4% of the population worldwide, and is thought to be a
multifactorial disease with both genetic and immunogenic backgrounds. Psoriasis occurs in connection with stress and mood
disorders and is apparently induced in patients who have been treated with antidepressants. The serotonergic system, which
consists of serotonin-producing cells, serotonin receptors and serotonin transporters, may play a significant role in psoriasis.
Theanine, a component of green tea and black tea, has been shown to increase BDNF levels, modulate serotonin and dopamine
levels, and improve learning and memory. It has shown promise as an adjunct therapy for schizophrenia and depression, and
researchers believe there may also be an application for anxiety disorders, panic disorder, OCD, and bipolar disorder.
Vagus nerve stimulation may be a promising add-on treatment for anxiety, depression, PTSD, seizures, and inflammatory
bowel disease. Natural ways to stimulate the vagus nerve and increase vagal tone include singing, deep breathing, meditation
and yoga. Another way is to make a dietary shift towards good gut bacteria, shown to influence the activity of the vagus nerve.
In human volunteers as well as in a rat model, administration of a probiotic formulation consisting of Lactobacillus helveticus
R0052 (traditionally used in the manufacture of Swiss-type cheeses and long-ripened Italian cheeses such as Emmental,
Gruyere, Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano) and Bifidobacterium longum R0175A (colonizes at birth, but levels vary
genetically) significantly attenuated psychological distress and reduced anxiety-like behavior. Research has also found that
prebiotics can improve non-REM sleep as well as REM sleep after a stressful event.
One pilot study found that a 12-week moderate intensity aerobic exercise program reduced OCD symptoms and the reductions
lasted 6 months later.
Another study combined cognitive behavioral therapy and a 12-week moderate intensity aerobic exercise program with
tremendous results, exceeding effects typically observed with individual and group-based cognitive behavioral therapy for OCD
based on leading meta-analytic reviews.
Dopamine, Adrenaline and Estrogen-COMT
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
COMT V158M rs4680 Wild Type GG
COMT rs4633 Wild Type CC
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Recap
Improves COMT Gene Function: Vitamin C, magnesium, and copper (copper should
not be too low or too high).
Decreases Gene Function: Chronic stress, sugar, proton pump inhibitors, aspartame,
low magnesium levels, low vitamin C levels, low and high copper levels,
constipation, xenoestrogens, high homocysteine levels, high SAH levels, estrogen-
based medications and mercury toxicity.
DOPAMINE, ADRENALINE AND ESTROGEN-COMT
Research: COMT (catecholamine methyltransferase) shares a pathway with MAO-A and is the gene for dopamine, estrogen,
adrenaline and catecholamine metabolism. This pathway requires magnesium, vitamin C and copper as co-factors.
While the homozygous genotype for COMT V158M is associated with slower enzymatic function and naturally higher dopamine
and adrenaline levels, the wild-type COMT V158M gene (GG rs4633) is associated with faster enzymatic function, leading to
lower prefrontal dopamine, adrenaline and norepinephrine levels.
The benefits to the GG genotype may be a better response to high-pressure situations and the ability to be more emotionally
resilient and calm in a crisis. Those with the GG genotype may even thrive more in response to certain stressors and have
enhanced cognitive performance due to the elevation of dopamine and adrenaline to more normal levels.
The downside of the GG genotype is that it can affect executive function and problem-solving abilities compared to the AC and
AA genotypes of COMT V158M if dopamine remains low. Individuals who had the GG genotype of COMT and variants in
ANKK1 showed the lowest cognitive performance, however, both genes can be improved by increasing catecholamine intake,
meditation, balanced blood sugar, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, high intensity exercise and lower media exposure.
Several studies have found that the COMT V158M GG individuals perform better than those with the AA allele on tasks
demanding cognitive flexibility, while individuals with the AA allele are better at tasks demanding focused attention. The
“inverted U” hypothesis suggests that when dopamine levels are either too high or too low, cognition is adversely affected.
In a study of Swedish men and women with depression, the GG genotype also appears deleterious with a three-fold increased
risk of later cardiovascular disease compared to those non-depressed carrying the GG genotype. The risk was higher in women
than in men. A 2016 meta-analysis found that for each cup of coffee, depression was reduced by 8%, being most significant
when the caffeine consumption was above 68mg/day and below 509mg/day. Due to coffee and caffeine's effect on COMT
and dopamine, this genotype with depression may benefit from increased coffee intake. The CYP1A2 gene for caffeine
metabolism should also be reviewed.
Small studies have shown that Caucasian carriers of at least one G allele showed a greater effect for social facilitation and
cooperativeness (working together in a group) than the AA homozygous group for COMT V158M. In women, the GG genotype
was considered to be more helpful and empathetic, socially tolerant, compassionate, and potentially more altruistic.
The GG genotype has also been found to have a higher threshold of pain. In a 2019 study, twenty minutes following exposure
to cold stress, subjects with the GG genotype showed a lower biochemical stress response relative to the homozygous AA
carriers.
While studies have had mixed results with ADHD and COMT genotypes, research has shown that amphetamines (Adderall)
enhanced prefrontal cortex function and improved working memory efficiency for the GG (high COMT activity) subjects, while
amphetamine produced adverse effects under high working memory load conditions for homozygous AA (low activity) subjects.
A subtype of ADHD is characterized by low dopamine levels.
There are dietary strategies that naturally slow down the COMT enzyme. Catecholamines (coffee, black tea, green tea, red
wine, chocolate, citrus, bananas, berries, and vanilla) all help slow down COMT, increasing dopamine and adrenaline. For breast
cancer prevention, green tea has been found to be beneficial in the AG and AA genotype, but not the GG genotype. This is due
to the AG and AA genotype retaining polyphenols the longest. Therefore, the GG genotype may need a higher intake of green
tea to achieve the same benefit.
Coffee can increase dopamine concentration, signaling, and receptor availability, proving very beneficial for those in a lower
dopamine state. Research has also found that coffee drinkers have up to a 60% lower risk of Parkinson’s disease likely due to
increased dopamine signaling in the brain from caffeine.
Those with lower dopamine and adrenaline levels are also going to do better with exercise that involves an element of risk
like surfing, snowboarding, mountain biking, skiing, and athletic competitions to modulate healthy dopamine and adrenaline
concentrations. This requirement may be more relevant in men due to higher estrogen levels in women slowing down COMT.
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Dopamine Receptors-ANKK1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
ANKK1 rs1800497 Heterozygous AG
Recap
Improves ANKK1 Gene Function: Meditation, 8 hours of sleep per night, balanced
blood sugar, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, high intensity exercise and lower
media exposure.
Decreases ANKK1 Gene Function: Low blood sugar, refined sugar, high fructose
corn syrup, elevated lead levels, elevated copper levels, iron deficiency, omega-3
deficiency, low vitamin D levels and excessive media exposure.
DOPAMINE RECEPTORS-ANKK1
Research: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter with numerous roles, including reward-motivated behavior and social behavior.
Dopamine is involved in trial-and-error learning. Variants in genes related to dopamine signaling may also affect a person’s
ability to learn.
The heterozygous AG and homozygous AA genotypes have been correlated with up to a 30% reduction in dopamine receptors
in a region of the brain known as the striatum. One small study found that people with the wild-type GG genotype learned from
their mistakes easily, while people with the AG or AA genotypes were more likely not to learn from their mistakes and repeat
behavior with negative consequences.
Those with sugar addictions, compulsive eating and obesity may have systems that need much more stimulation to feel
pleasure caused by fewer D2 dopamine receptors and the need for extra stimulation to make the receptors “turn on.”
Functional MRI studies of teenagers, both lean and obese, found that the teenagers whose brains didn’t light up as much in the
dopamine reward centers were more likely to be obese and gain weight later. They also were more likely to have fewer
dopamine receptors.
Poor dopamine uptake may contribute to the development of obesity. This relationship was significantly stronger in women
with a heterozygous or homozygous A1 variant in rs1800497. The “A” corresponds to the A1 allele and the “G” is called the
A2 allele. A1 heterozygous or homozygous women had lower dopamine activation in response to food, and therefore gained
more weight potentially due to their diminished pleasure response from dopamine.
Fourteen studies investigated mindfulness meditation as the primary intervention and assessed binge eating, emotional eating,
and/or weight change. Results suggest that mindfulness meditation effectively decreases binge eating and emotional eating in
populations engaging in this behavior. However, evidence for its effect on weight is mixed.
Researchers found that individuals with Internet addiction showed reduced levels of dopamine D2 receptor availability in
subdivisions of the striatum. This helps explain the universal iPhone phenomenon of addictive-reward behavior, with excessive
use decreasing dopamine receptors and increasing the craving for more.
The global statistics show that about 10 percent of the world’s population has ADHD. When researchers looked specifically at
teenagers in the US, they found the diagnoses had risen 52 percent since 2003. ADHD has been associated with decreased
dopamine activity. A meta-analysis of 11 studies with 1645 cases and 1641 controls found that variants in rs1800497 may be
associated with ADHD.
Studies have also found that children and adults with ADHD are significantly more likely to be overweight, showing the shared
connection to decreased dopamine levels. The heavy metal lead disrupts the dopamine pathway, and 16 out of 18 studies
found a significant association between blood lead levels and one of the types of ADHD (Combined / Inattentive / Hyperactive-
Impulsive). Other research has shown that iron deficiency causes a reduced number of dopamine receptors, and a recent study
from the Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research found that low serum iron, ferritin levels, and vitamin D deficiency
may be associated with ADHD.
Vitamin C is proposed as a neuromodulator of glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine and GABA transmission and related
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behaviors. One study showed that following a long period of vitamin C deficiency, depressed levels of both dopamine and
norepinephrine were reported. Vitamin C also reduces blood lead levels.
Mindfulness training may improve self-regulation of attention. Neuroimaging studies suggest that mindfulness meditation
engenders neuroplastic changes in brain areas associated with attentional functioning typically impaired in ADHD. One study
found meditation increased endogenous dopamine release of 65% in the ventral striatum during meditation.
Histamines and Migraines-HNMT
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
HNMT C314T rs11558538 Heterozygous TC
Recap
Improves HNMT Gene Function: Vitamin C, choline, folate, magnesium, chamomile,
basil, stinging nettle, echinacea, fennel, ginger and wild oregano.
Decreases HNMT Gene Function: Poor gut flora, too many fermented foods, red
wine, NSAID's, antidepressants, histamine H2 blockers, antihistamines,
antiarrhythmics, immune modulators, deficiencies in vitamin C, choline, folate and
magnesium.
HISTAMINES AND MIGRAINES-HNMT
If you have also the GG genotype for DAO rs1049793, the co-presence of the T allele (TC or TT) in HNMT rs11558538 may
increase the degree of disability of migraines from histamines. Further studies are needed to confirm the HNMT polymorphism
connection to migraines.
Anandamide-FAAH
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
FAAH rs324420 Wild Type CC
Recap
Improves FAAH Gene Function: Exercise over 30 minutes, red clover tea (women),
kaempferol, cacao, genistein (fermented soy), Echinacea, 7-hydroxyflavone (parsley,
onions, berries, tea, and citrus fruits), -caryophyllene (cloves, rosemary, hops).
Decreases FAAH Gene Function: Pesticides and phthalates.
ANANDAMIDE-FAAH
Anandamide is a neurotransmitter and endogenous cannabinoid, and is known as the “bliss” molecule that targets the
endocannabinoid system.
The endocannabinoid system is involved in many physiological processes including reward, addiction, fertility, pain and energy
regulation. This system was named from the cannabis plant, such as marijuana and hemp. THC closely resembles anandamide.
The endocannabinoids play a significant role in pain modulation and inflammation, and have been demonstrated to relieve pain
by activating the CB1 and CB2 receptors.
The wild-type genotype (CC) encodes for the fast activity of FAAH, and therefore naturally leads to lower anandamide levels.
Those with the homozygous genotype (AA), have the slow-activity of FAAH and naturally higher levels of anandamide. This
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means that the CC individuals may have more anxiety and have to work harder to achieve higher levels of happiness, while the
AA individuals have less anxiety and naturally higher levels of the “bliss” molecule that stimulate feelings of happiness.
Low levels of anandamide have been linked to slower extinction of fear memories and a heightened stress response to
threatening situations than those with higher anandamide levels. Healthy volunteers who carried the rs324420 "A" allele (low
FAAH activity, high anandamide levels) had much less amygdala activation when placed in a threatening situation. They also
had a weaker correlation between amygdala activation and trait anxiety, which is a general tendency to perceive situations to
be threatening and to respond to such situations with subjective feelings of apprehension and tension.
Pesticides such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon alter the endocannabinod system and researchers have hypothesized that eating
organic foods lacking pesticide residues may promote endocannabinoid balance. Phthalates are plasticizers added to water
bottles, tin cans, food packaging, and even the enteric coating of pharmaceutical pills. Phthalates may act as endocrine
disruptors and carcinogens, and have been found to block CB1 receptors, found in the brain.
However, there are also ways for people to lower excessive levels of chronic stress and anxiety by increasing anandamide
levels in the body. One of best ways to do this is with exercise. Endorphins (endogenous opioids) enhance the effects of
cannabinoids and what has been known as the “runner’s high” may in fact be the increase of anandamide. Research found that
running and biking over 30 minutes, along with strenuous hiking at high altitude significantly increased anandamide.
Clinical anecdotes suggest that stress-reduction techniques, such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises impart
mild cannabimimetic effects.
Panic and PTSD-GAD1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
GAD1 rs3749034 Heterozygous AG
Recap
Probiotics, B6, B2, taurine, magnesium, lithium, choline, vitamin C, zinc, vitamin D,
progesterone (women), CBD, lemon balm, ashwagandha, high intensity exercise for
8-20 minutes, endurance exercise, yoga, meditation, and deep sleep.
Antibiotics, caffeine, high estrogen, excess wheat, excess sugar, broth cooked over
24 hours, low blood sugar, poor sleep, manganese deficiency, boron deficiency,
chronic stress, proton pump inhibitors, diuretics, hormone replacement therapy,
MAOI’s, fibrates, MSG, low progesterone, sucralose and aspartame.
PANIC AND PTSD-GAD1
GAD1 stands for “Glutamate Decarboxylase 1” and is responsible for the conversion of glutamate to GABA. GABA and
glutamate account for 80% of brain activity. Glutamate is excitatory while GABA is calming. In the right amounts, glutamate
helps focus, cognitive function and productivity. Too much, however, can be excitatory and detrimental.
The GAD system influences mood stability and the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. To date, GAD1 genetic
variants have been associated with mood disturbance, and panic disorder. GAD1 SNPs may impact both mood and anxiety-like
traits, and may also be relevant following stress or trauma exposure in influencing risk for PTSD as well as depression.
The subjects carrying A allele of rs3749034 were associated with an increased risk of Posttraumatic stress disorder when
compared to subjects with the “G” allele in the dominant model.
GABA levels in various brain regions are reduced in panic patients possibly due to impaired GAD function. Further studies in
patients with major depression found reduced GABA levels to be accompanied by increased glutamate concentrations
strengthening the link between anxiety and mood disorders and GAD.
Following a trauma, individuals at higher genetic risk with certain genotypes in GAD1 may experience physiological effects of
anxiety, overconsolidation of the fear memory, and negative thoughts about the event, decreasing their ability to extinguish
fear responses when reminded of the trauma and increasing the likelihood of mood-related disturbances. Therefore the
correlation with a genetic predisposition to a higher trauma response may require variants in GAD1, an environmental trauma,
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and gender to due the influence of estrogen on GAD.
Estrogen and progesterone decrease GAD expression in the amygdala and the hippocampus (which both are involved in
regulating fear), which provides a link between hormone levels and anxiety as well as mood changes during menstruation in
women. Natural progesterone in women (B6 helps produce progesterone) has powerful effects on enhancing GABA activity in
the brain. When progesterone is too low, it causes elevated glutamate levels.
Abnormalities in the GABA neurotransmitter system have been noted in subjects with mood and anxiety disorders, which is
why anticonvulsants are also marketed for mood disorders. Lithium and the drug Lamictal has been shown to help regulate the
neurotransmitter glutamate by keeping the amount of glutamate between brain cells at a stable, healthy level. The
anticonvulsant drug Topamax is used for migraines by lowering glutamate and raising GABA levels.
Excess glutamate is supposed to convert to GABA with B6 and magnesium. GAD1 variants slow down the conversion of
glutamate to GABA and increase the need for B6/magnesium to make it run normally. Studies have found that exercise helps
the brain direct excess glutamate to be used as an energy source and prevent toxic build-up.
GABA requires adequate probiotics (bifidobacterium produces large amounts of GABA, so the FUT2 gene function should also
be assessed) zinc, B2, B6, vitamin C, vitamin D and deep sleep to keep glutamate in check. Taurine (found in grass-fed animal
protein, wild fish and eggs) appears to increase the levels of GAD1 to reduce glutamate and help bind to GABA receptors in
brain cells.
One study found that neuronal excitability from glutamate appears to be attenuated when eating or supplementing with the
mushroom Lion’s Mane. Research on Lion's Mane also shows that the hot water extract stimulates Nerve Growth Factor (part
of a family of similar proteins that serve to promote the health and normal function of the brain and nervous system) and
accelerates the growth of the myelin sheath. This has exciting potential for those with neurodegenerative disorders from high
glutamate levels.
The artificial sweetener aspartame is especially troubling for those with GABA and glutamate imbalances. The lowered levels of
serotonin due to aspartame consumption might cause lowered activity of the GABA transporters.
Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
MAO-A
MAO-A (Monoamine oxidase
A) is a critical enzyme
involved in breaking down
important neurotransmitters
such as serotonin, estrogen,
norepinephrine, and
dopamine.
MAO-A-rs6323 TG
5-HT2A
The 5-HT2A gene encodes
for serotonin receptors
found in the brain and
central nervous system and
is concentrated in the brain
region essential for learning
and cognition.
Polymorphisms in rs6314
may result in reduced
episodic memory in young
and middle-aged individuals.
5-HT2A-rs6314 GG
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
5-HT2A
The 5-HT2A gene encodes
for serotonin receptors
found in the central nervous
system. Polymorphisms in
rs6311 and rs6313 may
contribute to a reduced
capacity to regulate stress,
low vagal tone, anxiety,
depression, OCD, and IBS,
especially in females.
5-HT2A-rs6313 AA
5-HT2A-rs6311 TT
COMT V158M
COMT is connected to
dopamine, adrenaline,
estrogen and catecholamine
metabolism.
COMT V158M-
rs4680
GG
COMT-rs4633 CC
ANKK1
ANKK1 modulates the
density of dopamine
receptors in the brain.
ANKK1-
rs1800497
AG
DAO C2029G
DAO participates in the
degradation of extracellular
histamine. This gene is
connected to migraines.
DAO C2029G-
rs1049793
CC
HNMT C314T
Histamine N-
methyltransferase (HNMT) is
a histamine-metabolising
enzyme expressed in the
brain. This gene is connected
to migraines.
HNMT C314T-
rs11558538
TC
HNMT
Histamine N-
methyltransferase (HNMT) is
a histamine-metabolising
enzyme expressed in the
brain. This gene is connected
to hyperactivity and food
dyes.
HNMT-rs1050891 AG
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
FAAH
FAAH (fatty acid amide
hydrolase) is a gene that
encodes for anandamide
breakdown, a
neurotransmitter and
endogenous cannabinoid.
FAAH-rs324420 CC
PEMT
Choline is required for
acetylcholine, a
neurotransmitter of the
vagus nerve that enervates
numerous organs.
PEMT-
rs12325817
CC
PEMT-rs7946 CC
GAD1
GAD1 stands for “Glutamate
Decarboxylase 1” and is
responsible for the
conversion of glutamate to
GABA.
GAD1-rs3749034 AG
BDNF
BDNF is a synaptic
modulator of glutamate
while GABA synapses are
also regulated by BDNF.
BDNF-rs6265 CC
APOE
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a
lipid binding protein that
transports triglycerides and
cholesterol in multiple
tissues, including the brain.
APOE-rs7412 TC
APOE-rs429358 TT
GAD1
GAD1 stands for “Glutamate
Decarboxylase 1” and is
responsible for the
conversion of glutamate to
GABA.
GAD1-rs769407 GG
GAD1-rs3791851 TT
GAD1-rs3791850 AG
GAD1-rs2241165 TC
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DETOXIFICATION
Liver Enzyme-CYP1B1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
CYP1B1*6 L432V
rs1056836
Wild Type GG
Recap
Improves CYP1B1 Gene Function: Iodine, apigenin, quercetin, myricetin, chrysoeriol
(rooibos tea and celery) ghee, vitamin C and resveratrol.
Decreases Gene Function: Heterocyclic amines, xenoestrogens, high biotin
supplementation, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, excessive sun
exposure, vegetable oils, grains, fried meat, excess of smoked foods, cigarette
smoke exposure and exhaust.
LIVER ENZYME-CYP1B1
Research: Due to the carcinogenic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cigarette smoke, burning coal, vegetable oils,
grains) and estrogens to genotoxic catechol estrogens - both which cause DNA mutations - variants in the CYP1B1 gene are
important for breast, ovarian, colon, lung and prostate health. This is especially true for those with variants in GSTM1 and
GSTP1. CYP1B1 may also be important for skin health, with excessive sun exposure negatively affecting CYP1B1 expression.
CYP1B1 participates in the first step of estrogen metabolism, the conversion of estrogens to 2- or 4-hydroxyestrogens, and
specifically catalyzes the 4-hydroxylation of estrogens. 4-hydroxyestradiol is inactivated by COMT.
According to NCBI, C encodes the Leucine and G the Valine. The CYP1B1 L432V rs1056836 GG (valine) is associated with
increased CYP1B1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression with a subsequent elevation in 4-hydroxyestradiol formation
resulting in increased estrogen-mediated carcinogenicity. However, this has not been proven in human studies.
Minimizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, xenoestrogens and high estrogen levels in the body are a priority for CYP1B1.
Vegetable oils (soy, corn) have been found to be one of the highest sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, while also
being a high source of omega-6 fatty acids that can disturb the healthy omega-3 and omega-6 ratio needed to prevent skin
cancer growth.
A meta-analysis of 12 studies found that coffee consumption decreased the risk of cutaneous melanoma, while another study
found that 2 cups of dark roast coffee per day for one month caused a 23% reduction in DNA damage.
Research has shown that optimal levels of iodine can help modulate the estrogen pathway and help prevent cancerous growth
by targeting CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Iodine deficient breast tissue exhibits early markers of breast cancer, and 30% of iodine
stores are in the breast tissue.
One study found that high-dose biotin supplementation (often used in isolation for hair growth) increased CYP1B1 expression
and was associated with an increase in the occurrence of single-stranded DNA breaks compared with biotin-deficient cells;
while inhibitors of CYP1B1 prevented DNA strand breaks.
Inhibition of CYP1B1 activity was observed for the flavonols quercetin, apigenin and myricetin, while resveratrol has shown to
convert to piceatannol through CYP1B!, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a compound of known anticancer activity. Chrysoeriol,
present in rooibos tea and celery, also acts selectively to inhibit CYP1B1 in vitro and may be especially relevant to patients with
CYP1B1 overactivity.
One study in 259 post-menopausal women found that for those with certain genotypes in CYP1B1 (rs1056836), KRAS
(rs61764370) and MTHFR (rs1801133 and rs1801131), oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy was associated
with shorter leukocyte telomere length. Shorter leukocyte telomeres are connected to premature aging, and may increase the
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risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, chronic pain, and sensitivity to perceived psychological stress.
In observational studies, higher levels of exercise are related to longer telomere lengths in various populations, and athletes
tend to have longer telomere lengths than non-athletes. This relationship is particularly evident in older individuals and physical
activity may confer protection against stress-related telomere length shortening.
Higher coffee consumption has been associated with longer telomeres among female nurses. Be aware that there is a
compounding effect with caffeine on the slow metabolizer CYP1A2 CC genotype. Research has shown that oral contraceptives
significantly prolong the half-life of caffeine from 6.2 hours to 10.7 hours, and therefore could theoretically cause more
cardiovascular issues from caffeine for the CYP1A2 CC genotype.
Liver Enzyme-CYP2D6
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
CYP2D6 T100C rs1065852 Homozygous AA
Recap
Improves CYP2D6 Gene Function: Unknown.
Decreases CYP2D6 Gene Function: Bupropion, fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine, and
terbinafine.
LIVER ENZYME-CYP2D6
Research: Research has found that CYP2D6*10 (rs1065852) variants result in decreased enzymatic activity. The polymorphism
of CYP2D6 significantly affects the pharmacokinetics of about 50% of the drugs in clinical use, which are CYP2D6 substrates.
Approximately 7% of the population has reduced activity of the CYP2D6 isoenzyme of cytochrome P450. These individuals are
"poor metabolizers." Please discuss further with your doctor and look into further testing for a full CYP2D6 pharmacogenomic
panel.
Aromatic Amines-NAT2
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
NAT2 rs1495741 Homozygous AA
Recap
Improves NAT2 Gene Function: Cruciferous vegetables, unfiltered fermented drinks,
meat and fish marinades, blueberries, blackberries, red grapes, kiwi, watermelon,
rosemary, parsley, carotenoids, and vitamin C.
Decreases NAT2 Gene Function: Smoking, commercial hair dyes, industrial and
manufacturing plants, charred meat, and diesel exhaust.
AROMATIC AMINES-NAT2
Research: N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) could influence the detoxification of numerous drugs, and chemical carcinogens
including aromatic amines. Aromatic amines are chemicals found in industrial and manufacturing plants, tobacco smoke,
commercial hair dyes, and diesel exhaust.
Generally, the NAT2 phenotype can be classified into slow, intermediate, and rapid acetylator. The AA genotype is the slow
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acetylator, and numerous studies have associated the NAT2 slow acetylator phenotype with bladder cancer risk in smokers
found in America, Europe, and Asia. However, in nonsmokers, rs1495741 AA did not increase susceptibility to bladder cancer
when compared to GG and AG genotypes.
Exposure to aromatic amines has been found to increase the risk of breast cancer in those that work in rubber factories, use
hair dyes that contain 4-aminobiphenyl (which also affects Tp53), and consistently consumed meat cooked at high
temperatures. Research has shown the aromatic amine formed with meat cooked at high temperatures may cause both DNA
damage and cause the proliferation of estrogen-sensitive cancer cells.
Heterocyclic aromatic amines, known mutagens formed in cooked meat and fish at high temperatures, are considered the
causative agents for the association between meat intake and prostate cancer risk. Researchers found that a high heterocyclic
aromatic amine intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer among Japanese men with the
NAT2 slow acetylator phenotype, CYP1A1 rs1048943 TC and CC genotype, and CYP1A2 AC and AA genotype.
Marinades, cruciferous vegetables, unfiltered fermented drinks, blueberries, blackberries, red grapes, kiwi, watermelon,
rosemary, and parsley all help reduce the carcinogenic risk posed by heterocyclic amines in meat cooked at high temperatures.
Statins-COQ2
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
COQ2 rs4693596 Homozygous CC
Recap
Improves COQ2 Gene Function: CoQ10. Decreases COQ2 Gene Function: Statin drugs.
STATINS-COQ2
Research: Statin drugs deplete CoQ10 and therefore may affect people more with variants in this pathway. One study found
that people with the homozygous CC genotype were the most at risk for statin induced myopathy (muscle cramps, stiffness,
and spasm). However, a study done in the Czech population in 2017 did not find an association with polymorphisms in COQ2
and low-dose statin drug therapy.
Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
CYP1A1*2C 4889
CYP1A1 is in the estrogen
metabolism pathway along with
CYP1B1, CYP1A2, CYP31A,
SULT’s and COMT. CYP1A1 is
involved in the metabolism of
benzopyrene.
CYP1A1*2C 4889-
rs1048943
TT
CYP1A2 C164A
CYP1A2 metabolizes various
environmental procarcinogens,
such as heterocyclic amines,
nitrosamines, aflatoxin B1 and
ochratoxin A.
CYP1A2 C164A-
rs762551
AC
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
CYP1B1*6 L432V
The CYP1B1 gene metabolizes
pro-carcinogens such as
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and 17 beta-estradiol.
CYP1B1*6 L432V-
rs1056836
GG
CYP2C9*3 A1075C
Variants in CYP2C9 rs1057910
may alter the metabolism of
THC, the psychoactive compound
found in cannabis.
CYP2C9*3 A1075C-
rs1057910
AA
CYP2D6 T100C
CYP2D6 metabolizes
approximately 50% of drugs in
clinical use.
CYP2D6 T100C-
rs1065852
AA
CYP3A4*1B
The CYP3A4 enzyme is involved
in the metabolism of
approximately 50% of drugs that
are used today, cholesterol
homeostasis, and the oxidative
deactivation of testosterone.
CYP3A4*1B-
rs2740574
TT
CYP2C19*17
Genetic variability impacts
expression and activity of
CYP2C19 and therefore can
influence drug metabolism and
catabolism of estrogens.
CYP2C19*17-
rs12248560
CC
NAT2
The NAT2 gene encodes an
enzyme that functions to activate
and deactivate arylamine,
hydrazine drugs, and
carcinogens.
NAT2-rs1495741 AA
COQ2
The COQ2 gene encodes an
enzyme that functions in the final
steps in the biosynthesis of
CoQ10 and homozygous variants
may increase the risk of statin
induced myopathy.
COQ2-rs4693596 CC
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CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE
Power and Recovery-ACTN3
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
ACTN3 rs1815739 Wild Type CC
Recap
Improves ACTN3 Gene Function: Not applicable for ACTN3. Decreases ACTN3 Gene Function: Not applicable for ACTN3.
POWER AND RECOVERY-ACTN3
ACTN3 is currently the most promising gene for predicting the likelihood of becoming an Olympic level sprint and power
athlete in males and females. The RR (CC) genotype expresses the ACTN3 protein found in Type II muscle fibers, which
produces explosive and powerful contractions.
A 2019 meta-analysis of 44 studies and 20,753 individuals, found that the RR genotype is associated with enhanced strength
and training adaptation, improved protection from eccentric training-induced muscle damage, and lower risk of sports injury,
and reduced frailty in the elderly. Other research has shown that testosterone levels were higher in male and female athletes
with at least one R allele compared to the XX genotypes.
Studies in both Ironman athletes and ultra runners found that the RR genotype experienced the least amount of muscle
damage during and after the competition, reducing the risk of rhabdomyolysis and other health complications during ultra-
endurance competitions. However, there was no difference in race time or perceived exertion between all three genotypes.
For resistance training, two studies reported that the RR genotype was associated with the most significant increase in
strength and power following resistance training in men and women. Women with the RR genotype (compared to XX genotype
carriers) had lower muscle leg power initially but had higher increases after strength training.
Numerous studies have shown that the RR genotype significantly reduced the risk of ankle injuries and that XX genotypes were
2.6 times more likely to suffer injuries than RR genotypes. These injuries were also more likely to be of increased severity.
A higher frequency of the ACTN3 RR genotype has been found in Olympic level sprint and power athletes (sprinters, jumpers,
and throwers) in Australians, Finnish, Greek, Russian, African, Israeli and Japanese athletes. Researchers have found it is rare
for humans with the XX genotype to qualify for the 200-meter and 400-meter competitions at the Olympic Games.
There was some evidence for a dose-effect of the ACTN3 R allele and 200-meter sprint speed in elite male African athletes.
The ACTN3 RR individuals had (on average) a faster best personal sprint time than ACTN3 RX individuals.
The XX genotype for ACTN3 has a higher baseline VO2 max than the RR genotype. However, RR genotypes are hyper-
responders to exercise, and the difference was eliminated with consistent endurance training according to a study on police
recruits.
VO2 Max-PPARGC1A
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
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GENE GENOTYPE
PPARGC1A rs8192678 Homozygous TT
Recap
Improves PPARGC1A Gene Function: Aerobic exercise, cold water exposure,
ashwagandha and eleuthero root.
Decreases PPARGC1A Gene Function: Sedentary lifestyle.
VO2 MAX-PPARGC1A
Research: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) is a master regulator of
mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial respiration, skeletal muscle fiber transformation (from fast to slow twitch), glucose and
fatty acid metabolism, and the anti-oxidation machinery. PPARGC1A is expressed in cell types with high oxidative function
(heart, skeletal muscle slow twitch fibers, liver, and pancreas) and in brown adipose tissue.
Several studies have shown that SNPs in PPARGC1A are associated with a significant lower level in aerobic power (i.e., VO2
max) in insulin resistant and untrained individuals as well as in athletes. Healthy untrained adults display a large individual
variation in VO2 max that ranges from -20% to more than 50%.
Research indicates that the exercise-induced variation in VO2 max is 47% explained by genetics. If you have heterozygous or
homozygous variants in PPARGC1A, you may have a naturally lower VO2 max for aerobic exercise and increased CRP (C-
reactive protein) levels.
To increase VO2 max, consider cold exposure. Since mitochondria are what give us the ability to use oxygen in order to
produce cellular energy, the more we have the more the aerobic potential.
Cold exposure activates the PPARGC1A gene and PGC1 protein, which makes more mitochondria in the muscle. One study
found that 15 minute exposure to cold water (50°F or 10°C) following high intensity running, increases PGC1 in muscle tissue.
Another study found that men that were immersed in cold water at 50°F (10°C) for 15 minutes, 3 times a week for four weeks
after running were able to increase mitochondrial biogenesis occurring in their muscle tissue.
Adaptogens are another way to increase your VO2 max. One study found that ashwagandha increased velocity, power, VO2
max, lower limb muscular strength and neuromuscular coordination. A second study used elite Indian cyclists for 8 weeks. One
group received 500mg of the root extract 2x a day, while the other group received a placebo. There was significant
improvement in the experimental group in all parameters, namely, VO2 max and time for exhaustion on treadmill.
A study using eleuthero root found that using 800mg for 8 weeks increased VO2 max of by 12%, endurance time improved
23%, the highest heart rate increased 4%, and metabolism was altered which spared glycogen storage. The study concluded
that “this was the first well-conducted study that shows that 8-week ES supplementation enhances endurance capacity,
elevates cardiovascular functions and alters the metabolism for sparing glycogen in recreationally trained males.”
Muscle Recovery-IL6
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
IL6 rs1800795 Heterozygous CG
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Recap
Improves IL6 Gene Function: Whey protein, cold water immersion, American
ginseng, curcumin, allicin, optimal testosterone levels, vitamin C, and collagen
protein.
Decreases Gene Function: Low testosterone (men), depression, obesity, bacterial
overgrowth and workout routines without enough recovery days.
MUSCLE RECOVERY-IL6
Research: Exercise increases IL6 cytokines even when muscle damage hasn't occurred. It is produced in large amounts during
heavy weight lifting and endurance races. The CG genotype is more common in sprint and power athletes compared to
endurance and non-athletes.
C-allele carriers of the IL6 SNP have been found to have higher creatine kinase values (a marker of muscle damage) following
exercise compared with GG homozygotes.
The highest post-exercise creatine kinase levels are found after prolonged exercise such as ultra distance marathon running,
weight lifting and downhill running.
To accelerate recovery, whey protein, cold water immersion, American ginseng, curcumin, optimal testosterone levels, vitamin
C and collagen protein have all been found to attenuate creatine kinase levels.
Research has also found that purple sweet potatoes, cranberries, blueberries and beet root juice have verified health,
performance-enhancing, and exercise recovery benefits.
Perhaps the most promising results have come from two separate studies showing decreased muscle soreness and increased
recovery from cherry juice and dehydrated cherry supplements. One of these studies had subjects perform ten sets of ten
repetitions at 70% of a 1-RM back squat. The researchers found that Montmorency powdered tart cherry supplementation
used daily and 48 hours post-workout significantly lowered muscle soreness strength decrement during recovery, and markers
of muscle catabolism throughout the 48 hour post-lifting recovery period compared to placebo.
Muscle Injury-COL1A1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
COL1A1 rs1800012 Wild Type CC
Recap
Improves COL1A1 Gene Function: Vitamin C, zinc, copper, glycine, proline, lysine
and B6 (all precursors to collagen production) and cryotherapy.
Decreases COL1A1 Gene Function: Deficiencies in vitamin C, zinc, copper, glycine,
proline, lysine, B6 and excessive NSAID use.
MUSCLE INJURY-COL1A1
Research: According to one study, the gene encoding for the alpha1 chain of type I collagen (COL1A1) has been shown to be
associated with cruciate ligament ruptures and shoulder dislocations.
You have the CC genotype for COL1A1, which lowers the production of Type 1 collagen. Approximately 90% of collagen in the
body is Type I. Type I collagen is found in the skin, tendons, corneas, lungs and in 95% of bone.
ACL ruptures are considered the most severe injury sustained in sports. The A variant produces more COL1A1. Two AA’s
reduced risk of ACL rupture by ten times, while only 5% of the population have two AA’s.
Cryotherapy has been shown to inhibit harmful collagenase (activity on collagen enzyme that breaks down collagen) and also
decreased the production of inflammatory E2 series prostaglandins. For athletes, cryotherapy post-training could be a useful
tool to help prevent injuries.
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Caffeine-CYP1A2
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
CYP1A2 C164A rs762551 Heterozygous AC
Recap
Increases CYP1A2 Gene Function: A higher cruciferous vegetable intake may help
increase caffeine metabolism for those with the CC slow metabolizer genotype,
along with exercise.
Decreases CYP1A2 Gene Function: Oral contraceptives.
CAFFEINE-CYP1A2
You have the heterozygous AC genotype and are considered an “intermediate metabolizer” of caffeine. This means that you do
not metabolize caffeine slowly or quickly.
If you are female and taking oral contraceptives, this may reduce the clearance of caffeine. Research has shown that oral
contraceptives significantly prolong the half-life of caffeine from 6.2 hours to 10.7 hours.
It is important to review your COMT gene function to better understand a sensitivity to coffee intake.
Triglycerides-FADS1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
FADS1 rs174546 Heterozygous TC
Recap
Improves FADS1 Gene Function: Higher intake of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and
DHA.
Decreases FADS1 Gene Function: Low intake of EPA and DHA.
TRIGLYCERIDES-FADS1
Research: Variants in the FADS1 SNP (rs174546) are associated with elevated triglyceride levels, which appears to be due to a
higher need for EPA and DHA from animal foods. Studies have found that plasma triglyceride levels were lower in wild-type CC
genotype when compared to carriers of the minor T allele.
Population average triglyceride levels have increased since 1976 in parallel with the constant growing epidemic of obesity,
insulin resistance and Type-2 diabetes. A meta-analysis of 17 population-based prospective trials including 46,413 men and
10,864 women identified plasma triglycerides levels as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease.
Triglycerides are essentially fat in the blood that are driven by excess sugar and carbohydrate consumption. They are the
driving force behind lipoprotein particles that are potent causes of heart disease, such as small LDL and very low-density
lipoprotein (VLDL).
Numerous studies have found that omega-3 fatty acids administered as fish oil supplements lowers plasma triglyceride levels
by 25% to 34%. While fish oil is known to lower triglycerides, there doesn’t appear to be a difference in the FADS1 genotype
response to supplementation. Looking at your NO3 gene function would be helpful in determining your fish oil response with
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elevated triglycerides.
A meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials found that 500mg of vitamin C resulted in a significant decrease in serum
LDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations.
Potassium and Magnesium-ADD1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
ADD1 rs4961 Heterozygous TG
Recap
Improves ADD1 Gene Function: Lower sodium intake, magnesium, potassium,
calcium, garlic, vitamin D and omega-3's.
Decreases Gene Function: High sodium intake, excess weight, high sugar intake,
sedentary lifestyle, smoking and stress.
POTASSIUM AND MAGNESIUM-ADD1
Research: A meta-analysis of 33 studies with 40,432 participants found that variants in rs4961 was significantly associated
with hypertension in Asians. Other research found that carriers of the risk (T) allele responded better to diuretics and sodium-
restricted diets, in that they tended to lower their blood pressure by ~10 mmHg points compared to rs4961(GG) homozygotes
similarly treated.
Excess weight, high sugar intake, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, stress and high sodium intake all raise blood pressure. People
living at higher latitudes throughout the world are at higher risk of hypertension, and patients with cardiovascular disease are
often found to be deficient in vitamin D. Magnesium, potassium, calcium, vitamin D, garlic and omega-3's all lower blood
pressure.
One study found that increasing potassium-rich foods to 4.7 grams was equivalent to cutting out 4 grams of sodium in terms
of reducing blood pressure.
In another study, aged garlic extract given at a dose of 600-1500mg was just as effective as the drug atenolol in reducing blood
pressure over a 24-week period.
Phytoestrogens-TMPRSS2
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
TMPRSS2 rs2070788 Wild Type GG
Recap
Improves Gene Function: Phytoestrogens, curcumin, and lycopene from tomato
sauce.
Decreases Gene Function: Smoking and low phytoestrogen intake.
PHYTOESTROGENS-TMPRSS2
Both angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), are crucial for SARS-
CoV-2 entry into host cells. While ACE2 is the main receptor for the spike protein (coronaviruses are known for their crown of
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spikes) of both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, mediating viral attachment to target cells, TMPRSS2 cleaves the spike protein.
TMPRSS2 allows the fusion of viral and cellular membranes. This process is similar to viral activation and cell entry of other
coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV and influenza viruses such as influenza H1N1.
TMPRSS2 expression is several times higher in the prostate compared with any other tissue, as well as the upper digestive and
respiratory tract. ESR2 is also found in the prostate, lungs, breast, and the cardiovascular system with implications in blood
clotting. TMPRSS2 acts like the shape of the keyhole, while ACE2 is the actual lock. A higher expression of TMPRSS2 means a
better keyhole fit for viruses. Smoking is one way that promotes a higher expression of TMPRSS2 and increases the risk of
SARS-CoV-2 infection.
In a study looking at the Italian population, expression levels of both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were assessed. Researchers found
no significant evidence that ACE2 is associated with COVID-19 severity or sex bias in the Italian population. However,
TMPRSS2 levels and genetic variants proved to be possible candidate disease modulators, contributing to the observed
epidemiological data among Italian patients. Genes related to higher levels of TMPRSS2 were more frequent in Italians vs. East
Asian populations.
The genetic predisposition to severe pH1N1 2009 influenza virus was evaluated in Chinese human subjects, finding that the GG
genotype of rs2070788 led to an increased expression of TMPRSS2, a risk variant for a severe pH1N1 influenza infection and it
was significantly associated with the susceptibility to IAV H7N9 (Avian flu).
Research has found that the expression of the fusion gene TMPRSS2:ERG is thought to be responsible for up to 80% of
prostate cancers, and is repressed by estrogen receptor beta (ESR2 gene) agonists. Phytoestrogens are agonists known to
have up to 30-fold higher affinity for estrogen receptor beta.
Japan has exceptionally low levels of prostate cancer, and the risk rises when their traditional diet changes to a Westernized
diet. The Japanese also have some of the lowest death rates from COVID-19 despite having a large elderly population. The
traditional Japanese diet contains high levels of dietary phytoestrogens. Since phytoestrogens upregulate estrogen receptor
beta and lower the expression of TMPRSS2, and therefore alter the keyhole for SARS-CoV-2 to enter, we may be seeing a
nutrigenomic strategy in place that is slowing the virus at the door.
To decrease TMPRSS2 expression, increase your intake of phytoestrogens, curcumin, and lycopene (tomato sauce). Research
has shown that curcumin binds to receptor-binding domain site of viral S protein and also to the viral attachment sites of ACE2
receptor and downregulates TMPRSS2, demonstrating that curcumin can act as potential inhibitory agent antagonizing the
entry of SARS-CoV2 viral protein.
Variants in the ESR2 gene also increase the need for phytoestrogens for prostate and breast health. Post-menopausal women
will also benefit from increasing phytoestrogen intake.
The best phytoestrogens in research for blood pressure and the ESR2 gene include dark berries (contains resveratrol), beans,
rye, hummus, peanuts (contains resveratrol), miso soup, flax seeds (women), tahini sauce, and cruciferous vegetables (broccoli,
cabbage, kale, Brussels sprouts).
Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
ACTN3
ACTN3 encodes for the alpha-
actin-3 protein found
exclusively within type-II fast-
twitch muscle fibers.
ACTN3-rs1815739 CC
PPARGC1A
It has been demonstrated that
variants in the PPARGC1A
gene affect the exercise-
induced change in maximal
oxygen uptake (VO2).
PPARGC1A-
rs8192678
TT
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
TNFA
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a)
is a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
Variants may increase the risk
of asthma in Asian populations.
TNFA-rs1800629 GG
IL6
IL6 is an interleukin that acts as
both a pro-inflammatory
cytokine and an anti-
inflammatory myokine.
IL6-rs1800795 CG
SOD2
Superoxide dismutase (SOD2)
is manganese dependent and
protects against superoxide for
the mitochondria of the cell.
The homozygous genotype
increases the need for
antioxidant support in high-
intensity athletes.
SOD2-rs4880 AG
COL1A1
COL1A1 produces alpha 1
chain of type I collagen, a major
protein in tendons and
ligaments.
COL1A1-
rs1800012
CC
PON1
PON1 (Paraoxonase) plays a
large role in removing
pesticides. It is also involved
with supporting HDL function
and LDL oxidation.
PON1-rs662 TT
LPA
Lp(a)is a sticky form of LDL
that appears to affect plaque
growth, LDL particle size and
increase the risk of plaque
rupture and blood clotting.
LPA-rs3798220 TT
CYP1A2 C164A
Variants in CYP1A2 determine
caffeine metabolism and
effects on bone density and
cardiovascular health.
CYP1A2 C164A-
rs762551
AC
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
9p21
9p21 is considered an
important genetic marker for
cardiovascular health.
9p21-rs4977574 GG
FADS1
FADS1 is involved in fatty acid
metabolism, and variants in
this gene are associated with
elevated triglyceride levels.
FADS1-rs174546 TC
ESR2
ESR2 codes for estrogen
receptor beta (ER-), one of
two main types of estrogen
receptor activated by estrogen
and is linked to fibrinogen
levels in post-menopausal
women.
ESR2-rs4986938 TC
F5
Variants in F5 increase the risk
of deep vein thrombosis,
especially if using oral
contraceptives.
F5-rs6025 CC
ADRB2
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
(ADRB2) is abundantly
expressed in cardiac cells, and
bronchial smooth muscle cells
and is connected to stress
levels and heart health.
ADRB2-rs1042713 GG
ACE1 G2350A
ACE1 is part of the renin-
angiotensin system responsible
for the conversion of
angiotensin I to angiotensin II,
constricting blood vessels and
elevating blood pressure.
ACE1 G2350A-
rs4343
AG
ADD1
Variants in ADD1 are
associated with hypertension in
Asians.
ADD1-rs4961 TG
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
AGTR1
Angiotensin-II receptor type 1
(AGTR1) is a major component
of the renin-angiotensin
system for regulating blood
pressure and is highly
expressed in adipose tissue,
liver, leukocytes and the
intestine. The homozygous
genotype may increase the risk
of high blood pressure from
excess dietary fat and
carbohydrate intake.
AGTR1-rs5186 AC
ACE2 A8790G
ACE2 is part of the renin-
angiotensin system,
responsible for degrading
angiotensin II and providing
balance to ACE1 by dilating
blood vessels and lowering
blood pressure.
ACE2 A8790G-
rs2106809
AG
TMPRSS2
Transmembrane Serine
Protease 2 is highly expressed
in the prostate and lungs, and
the expression is associated
with viral susceptibility and
prostate cancer.
TMPRSS2-
rs2070788
GG
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DNA PROTECTION, DAMAGE & REPAIR
DNA Repair-ATM
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
ATM D1853N rs1801516 Heterozygous AG
Recap
Improves ATM Gene Function: Folate, higher nut, vegetable and fruit intake,
exercise, and intermittent fasting (waiting 13-16 hours to eat from dinner to
breakfast).
Decreases ATM Gene Function: Smoking, obesity (especially abdominal fat),
diabetes, binge drinking, chronic pancreatitis, heterocyclic amines, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and isolated fructose.
DNA REPAIR-ATM
Research: People who have a variants in the ATM gene will benefit from nutrients that have been found in studies to improve
DNA repair in regards to pancreatic health. While early studies linked ATM gene variants to breast health, further research has
shown conflicting results, with ATM variants being potentially only being relevant when coupled with other genes like BRCA-1
and BRCA-2 and familial breast cancer.
DNA repair is needed when cells are harmed by sunburns, chemicals, toxins and stress. Efficient repair of damaged DNA
strands helps maintain the stability of the cell's genetic DNA. DNA repair enzymes are typically working poorly in families with
a lot of cancer and require more support. Nutrition plays a major role in DNA repair enzymes.
Pancreatic Health
The risk for pancreatic cancer goes up with diabetes. One study found that compared to non-diabetics with the ATM D1853N
normal GG genotype, diabetics carrying the ATM D1853N GA/AA genotypes had more than triple the risk of developing
pancreatic cancer. This makes stabilizing blood sugar a priority.
Studies have found that a high dietary intake of fresh fruit and vegetables reduced the risk of developing pancreatic cancer, and
recent epidemiological studies have associated nut consumption with a protective effect against it.
One cohort study found a significantly decreased risk of pancreatic cancer by 55% for the highest levels of dietary folate
compared with the lowest. Another cohort found that the highest blood folate levels showed a significantly decreased risk
compared to the lowest. Folic acid supplements did not show a protective effect in these studies.
Review your genes for blood sugar, insulin, and folate.
Breast and Ovarian Health
If breast cancer runs in your family and you have done BRCA testing, the following research will be helpful in your nutrition
plan. BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 are tumor suppressor genes that are responsible for DNA repair and linked to breast and ovarian
health. It is the reduced function with certain variants that causes impaired DNA repair. BRCA1-associated tumors commonly
display a triple-negative (TN) phenotype lacking expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and
the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).
Research has found that women with the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 mutations who consumed up to 27 different fruits and
vegetables a week (variety important) saw their cancer risk diminish by fully 73 percent. Selenium and choline have both been
found to improve BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 function and lower the risk of breast cancer. Iodine also plays a special role in breast
health. Check your PEMT gene function to see your need for choline.
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The compound luteolin found in celery, broccoli, thyme and parsley was found in animal studies to kill cancer cells, stop triple-
negative cells spreading to the lungs and block spreading throughout the body. Another study found that blueberry extract
decreased proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cell lines.
Lignans are highest in flax seeds and research shows that women who have the highest level of lignans in their body have the
lowest risk of breast cancer. In postmenopausal women, lignans can cause the body to produce less active forms of estrogen.
Animal studies have shown that both flaxseed oil and lignans can reduce breast tumor growth and spread, even for ER
negative cancer cells. One study in mice concluded that flaxseed inhibited the growth of human estrogen-dependent breast
cancer.
Another study found that enoki mushroom extract was shown to inhibit the growth of both estrogen-receptor positive (ER+)
MCF-7 and estrogen-receptor negative human breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the extract inhibited breast cancer cell
colony formation by 99%.
Prostate-ESR2
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
ESR2 rs2987983 Homozygous GG
Recap
Improves ERS2 Gene Function: Phytoestrogen foods, milk thistle, apigenin, and
iodine.
Decreases ERS2 Gene Function: Obesity, BPA plastic, unfiltered tap water, atrazine
(sprayed on golf courses, lawns, non-organic corn and non-organic wheat), dioxins
(bleached products, non-organic animal fats) and phthalates (many chemically-based
personal care products).
PROSTATE-ESR2
The ER-beta estrogen receptor has features of a tumor suppressor gene and is strongly expressed in the breast, bone,
cardiovascular system, uterus, bladder, prostate, lung, ovarian cells, and testicular cells.
ERS2 is highly expressed in the prostate, and the expression declines when the prostate becomes enlarged and with cancerous
prostate cells. Dietary phytoestrogens are a consistent source of debate for health benefits and concerns in the scientific
community for men and women. Phytoestrogens can bind to estrogen receptors and exert both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic
effects depending on the tissue, and the signaling pathways differ from estrogen.
In a case-control study in Sweden from 2006, the overall decreased risk of prostate cancer of carriers of the variant allele of
ESR2 (rs2987983) was almost 60% with a high phytoestrogen dietary intake (but not lignans) compared to men with a low
phytoestrogen intake, whereas no such association was found among men with the wild-type genotype.
Phytoestrogens can both bind to estrogen receptors and stimulate sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) production, changing
the amount of 17-estradiol or testosterone in circulation. Phytoestrogens are also able to inhibit proteasome, which appears
essential for breast cancer cell survival. Apigenin - a flavonoid found in celery and parsley - has been found to be capable of
inhibiting proteasomes, leading to the stabilization of ERS2 and apoptosis of prostate cancer cells.
The main sources of phytoestrogens in the study were flaxseed, rye bread, wheat bread, cereals, berries, soy, and other beans.
Researchers concluded that phytoestrogens and the ERS2 gene interact synergistically in a fraction of the population with the
heterozygous or homozygous genotype (rs2987983) by repressing androgen receptors, inhibiting androgen-driven proliferation.
Iodine modulates the estrogen pathway and research has shown that there is a low incidence of cancers of the prostate,
endometrium, ovary, and breast in populations consuming diets with a high iodine content. Additionally, a German study
performed on men with prostate cancer found a significant inverse relationship between vitamin K2 consumption and advanced
prostate cancer.
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A combined analysis of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP1B1, SHBG, and COMT could give more insight into individual
estrogen metabolism.
Breast-ESR2
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
ESR2 rs2987983 Homozygous GG
Recap
Improves ERS2 Gene Function: Phytoestrogen foods (especially flax seeds), milk
thistle, fermented soy (Asians), and iodine.
Decreases ERS2 Gene Function: Obesity, BPA plastic, unfiltered tap water, atrazine
(sprayed on golf courses, lawns, non-organic corn, and non-organic wheat), dioxins
(bleached products, non-organic animal fats), and phthalates (many chemically-
based personal care products).
BREAST-ESR2
Research: Genes involved in estrogen biosynthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction have been suggested to affect breast
cancer susceptibility. It is important to note that there is a cumulative value of SNPs that increase or decrease cancer risk
according to the research. Therefore, these genes should be analyzed in the context of all related genes.
A total of 318 sporadic breast cancer cases and 318 age-matched controls were included in the study. With regard to
homozygous genotypes, women with sporadic breast cancer more frequently carried the GG genotype of ESR2 promoter SNP
rs2987983. The A allele was found to be more frequent in healthy women. A systematic analysis found that rs2987983 was
also significantly associated with breast cancer risk as well as a study with North Indian women.
A review of several epidemiological studies suggests that high dietary intake of phytoestrogens from fermented soy, in the
amount typically consumed by Asian populations, may have protective effects against breast cancer. According to in-Rong
Zhou, Ph.D., assistant professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School, “the combination of soy and tea (especially green tea)
significantly prevented the growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer in a synergistic manner in our research.”
However, a meta-analysis indicated that risk reduction from soy was limited to Asian populations, and therefore there may be
genetic differences that determine the response between Asian and Western populations with soy.
Iodine intake from seaweed consumption may also play a role in breast health as seen in Asian populations. Research has
observed that Japanese women who consume a high iodine content diet have a low incidence of benign and malignant breast
disease, but this protective advantage is lost once they immigrate to other countries.
It is estimated that 30 percent of iodine stores are in the breast tissue, and it has been shown to exert as powerful of an
antioxidant effect as vitamin C. Iodine deficient breast tissue exhibits the early markers of cancer development and research
has shown that there is a low incidence of cancers of the prostate, endometrium, ovary, and breast in populations consuming
diets with a high iodine content.
A combined analysis of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP1B1, SHBG, and COMT could give more insight into individual
estrogen metabolism.
Longevity-SIRT1
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
101
GENE GENOTYPE
SIRT1 rs7895833 Wild Type AA
Recap
Improves SIRT1 Gene Function: Exercise, fasting, 7-8 hours of sleep per night,
sauna, polyphenols, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, resveratrol, magnesium, and
melatonin.
Decreases SIRT1 Gene Function: The APOE-e4 genotype, high blood sugar, and
insulin resistance.
LONGEVITY-SIRT1
Research: SIRT1 regulates numerous genes that accelerate the aging process, modulate DNA repair mechanisms and
transcription factors like p53 (tumor suppressor gene), FOXOs (key regulators of lipid metabolism, stress resistance, and
apoptosis) and inhibits NF-kb, a pathway connected to viral inflammation.
SIRT1 activity goes down as we age, and DNA damage accumulates, and its activity is especially harmed by a sedentary
lifestyle, poor diet, and obesity. Activation of sirtuins induces the growth of blood vessels, insulin sensitivity and better glucose
control, and other health benefits in a wide range of age-related cardiovascular and metabolic disease models. Experimental
models have shown that increasing the activity of the sirtuins is associated with the delay of age-related diseases and
potentially increasing longevity.
Researchers have observed a significant increase in SIRT1 levels in longevity populations and found a significant positive
correlation between SIRT1 levels and age in a Turkish population. The oldest people carrying AG genotypes for rs7895833 had
the highest SIRT1 level compared to the AA genotype, suggesting an association between rs7895833 SNP and lifespan
longevity.
The average age of older people carrying AG genotype (76.0 ± 1.5 years) was significantly higher than the average age of older
people carrying AA genotype (71.3 ± 1.4 years).
Your APOE genotype may also affect SIRT1 activity for longevity. Research from the Buck Institute group found that APOE-e4
reduced expression of SIRT1. The reduced expression of SIRT1 was thought to impair beta-amyloid clearance observed in
Alzheimer's. If you have the APOE-e4 allele, the AA SIRT1 genotype may require more SIRT1 activation.
Polyphenols are activators of SIRT1 and contain anti-inflammatory and apoptosis properties. These include piceatannol (a
metabolite of resveratrol), olive oil, fisetin (strawberries, apples, grapes), quercetin (wine, peppers, berries, apples) and
resveratrol (wine, blackberries, blueberries, pistachios and dark chocolate).
Other activators of SIRT1 that also benefit the APOE-e4 carriers include magnesium, melatonin, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty
acids. One study found that centenarians (those living over 100) have higher total body magnesium and lower calcium levels
than most elderly people.
Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
ATM D1853N
ATM coordinates DNA repair
by activating enzymes that
fix double stranded DNA
breaks.
ATM D1853N-
rs1801516
AG
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
ESR2
ESR2 acts as a tumor
suppressor gene that codes
for estrogen receptor beta
(ER-beta), one of two main
types of estrogen receptor
activated by estrogen. ESR2
is strongly expressed in the
prostate.
ESR2-rs2987983 GG
ESR2
ESR2 acts as a tumor
suppressor gene that codes
for estrogen receptor beta
(ER-beta), one of two main
types of estrogen receptor
activated by estrogen. ESR2
is strongly expressed in the
breast.
ESR2-rs2987983 GG
TP53
TP53 is a tumor suppressor
gene responsible for DNA
repair.
TP53-rs1042522 CC
MDM2
Variants in the MDM2 gene
encode a protein that
reduces cellular levels of the
p53 tumor suppressor
protein.
MDM2-rs2279744 TT
MLH1
MLH1 codes for a DNA
repair enzyme linked to colon
health.
MLH1-rs1800734 GG
GATA3
GATA3 factors are involved
in cellular maturation with
proliferation arrest and cell
survival.
GATA3-rs4143094 GG
SIRT1
SIRT1 senses changes in
intracellular NAD+ levels and
plays a role in DNA damage
and repair.
SIRT1-rs7895833 AA
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METHYLATION CYCLE
Folate-MTHFR 677
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
MTHFR 677 rs1801133 Heterozygous AG
Recap
Improves MTHFR 677 Gene Function: Riboflavin and methylfolate.
Decreases MTHFR 677 Gene Function: Proton pump inhibitors, oral contraceptives,
NSAIDs, anticonvulsants, antivirals, antibiotics, acid blockers/antacids and
hypothyroidism.
FOLATE-MTHFR 677
The frequency of the 677 polymorphism of MTHFR in the Caucasian population is up to 50% heterozygous.
The heterozygous MTHFR 677 has a 30% reduced function, potentially creating a higher need for dietary methylfolate
depending on climate, skin tone and sun exposure, and dietary B2, choline, betaine, B6 and B12 intake. Variants in MTHFR 677,
especially the homozygous genotype, are higher in Mediterranean climates and malaria-endemic regions like Southeast Asia.
Researchers believe these variants were selected to protect against UV-induced DNA damage and malaria.
While a heterozygous MTHFR 677 and MTHR 1298 have been associated with higher homocysteine levels, not all people will
develop high homocysteine levels.
Homocysteine is a non-protein amino acid that is created and recycled in the methylation cycle. Sluggish enzymes in the cycle
can cause elevated levels in the blood, which can cause inflammation in the blood vessels. High homocysteine has been
implicated in amyloid buildup, DNA damage and cancer, mitochondrial dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, age related macular
degeneration, apoptosis of neurons and depression. BH4 structurally resembles folate and has been described to be reduced in
endothelial cells when increased levels of homocysteine are present. Stabilizing MTHFR with B2 and targeting
One study in 259 post-menopausal women found that for those with variants in CYP1B1 (rs1056836), KRAS (rs61764370) and
MTHFR (rs1801133 and rs1801131), oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy was associated with shorter
leukocyte telomere length. Shorter leukocyte telomeres are connected to premature aging, and may increase the risk of cancer,
cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, chronic pain, and sensitivity to perceived psychological stress.
A large meta-analysis showed the lack of statistically significant association between MTHFR mutations and coronary heart
disease except in the Middle East and Japan, where it portrayed statistical significance.
It is important to consider riboflavin intake, PEMT, MTR/MTRR, and CBS activity to assess overall homocysteine metabolism.
Too high or too low levels of B12, B6, folate or their co-factors may cause dysregulation of methyl donor activity.
Folate-MTHFR 1298
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
MTHFR 1298 rs1801131 Heterozygous TG
104
Recap
Improves MTHFR 1298 Gene Function: Vitamin C, L-arginine, folate, B6,
magnesium, holy basil, selenium, royal jelly and deep breathing techniques.
Decreases MTHFR 1298 Gene Function: Chronic stress, oral contraceptives, high
levels of mercury, arsenic, lead and aluminum, synthetic folic acid, phenylalanine,
aspartame, oxidative stress and high protein diets.
FOLATE-MTHFR 1298
The heterozygous MTHFR 1298 has a reduced function of approximately 20%. If you have the heterozygous MTHFR 1298 and
a heterozygous MTHFR 677, you may have elevated homocysteine levels and may require a higher folate intake (400-800 mcg).
One study in 259 post-menopausal women found that for those with variants in CYP1B1 (rs1056836), KRAS (rs61764370) and
MTHFR (rs1801133 and rs1801131), oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy was associated with shorter
leukocyte telomere length. Shorter leukocyte telomeres are connected to premature aging, and may increase the risk of cancer,
cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, chronic pain, and sensitivity to perceived psychological stress.
On its own, the heterozygous MTHFR 1298 genotype may not pose any issues with adequate folate intake, however vitamin C,
L-arginine, folate, B6, magnesium, holy basil, selenium, royal jelly and deep breathing techniques will help healthy MTHFR
1298 gene function.
B6-CBS
Below is a summary of your most significant variant genotypes:
GENE GENOTYPE
CBS A13637G rs2851391 Homozygous TT
Recap
Improves CBS Gene Function: B6 and SAMe as co-factors, selenium and folate to
increase arsenic detoxification.
Decreases Gene Function: Antibiotics, arsenic, birth control, ACE inhibitors,
antacids, proton pump inhibitors, Phenytoin, bronchodilators, Digoxin, diuretics,
hormone replacement therapy, Estradiol, MAO inhibitors, St. John's Wort, high
cysteine and Parnate.
B6-CBS
Research: CBS is an important enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway that catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine (HCY) to
cystathionine, a substrate for glutathione synthesis.
The CBS gene requires B6 and healthy SAMe production to regulate function. Deficiencies in CBS activity are the most frequent
cause of familial high homocysteine and the underlying cause of the CBS genetic disorder homocystinuria, which is
characterized by severe high homocysteine levels.
Research has hypothesized that rs2851391 variants might reduce the activity of CBS, and thus was positively associated with
homocysteine levels and a marginal association with decreased plasma B12 levels.
One study demonstrated a significant association of both elevated homocysteine levels and low vitamin B6 levels with CBS
polymorphisms in the presence of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may also need to be the focus with CBS and homocysteine levels. H2S is produced in the brain,
pancreas, liver, reproductive tissues. Low levels of HS2 affect repair of the GI tract and disrupted levels of HS2 can lead to
cognitive deficits or excitation in the brain.
Reduced CBS activity could cause low H2S concentrations, affecting mitochondrial health and the gut/brain axis. Abnormalities
of hydrogen sulfide in the body have been identified in several disorders including ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer’s disease,
Down’s syndrome, and possibly in diabetes.
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Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
MTHFR 677
The MTHFR 677 gene
encodes the MTHFR gene to
convert folate into the active
form, methylfolate. Variants
in this gene slow down
enzymatic function.
MTHFR 677-
rs1801133
AG
MTHFR 1298
MTHFR 1298 is involved in
converting 5-methylfolate
(5MTHF) to tetrahydrofolate
(THF). Unlike MTHFR 677, the
1298 variant does not lead to
elevated homocysteine levels
unless paired with a
heterozygous MTHFR 677.
MTHFR 1298-
rs1801131
TG
MTHFD1 G1958A
(Methylenetetrahydrofolate
dehydrogenase 1) encodes a
protein that possesses three
distinct enzymatic activities in
the interconversion of 1-
carbon derivatives of
tetrahydrofolate.
MTHFD1 G1958A-
rs2236225
GG
DHFR A20965G
Dihydrofolate reductase
(DHFR) catalyzes the
reduction of dihydrofolate to
tetrahydrofolate (THF) and
affect synthetic folic acid
metabolism.
DHFR A20965G-
rs1643659
TT
DHFR C19483A-
rs1677693
GG
MTR A2756G
MTR (methionine synthase)
combines folate, methyl B12
and homocysteine into
methionine.
MTR A2756G-
rs1805087
AA
MTRR A66G
MTRR attaches a methyl
group to B12 and variants
here will slow the process.
When both MTR and MTRR
exist, dysfunction can occur.
MTRR A66G-
rs1801394
AG
106
Gene & Gene Function Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
MAT1
MAT1 helps produce
sufficient SAMe. Variants
may decrease SAMe
production and increase the
need for magnesium to
produce SAMe. Use extreme
caution with SAMe
supplementation.
MAT1-rs2993763 GG
PEMT
Variants in PEMT may
increase the need for choline
and increase the sensitivity to
anticholinergic drugs.
PEMT-rs12325817 CC
PEMT-rs7946 CC
CBS A13637G
The Cystathione Beta-
Synthase (CBS) enzyme pulls
homocysteine to hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) and glutathione,
requiring B6 and SAMe as a
modulator.
CBS A13637G-
rs2851391
TT
CBS 191150T
The Cystathione Beta-
Synthase (CBS) enzyme pulls
homocysteine to hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) and glutathione,
requiring B6 and SAMe as a
modulator. CBS rs234709
and rs4920037 assists in
arsenic detoxification.
CBS 191150T-
rs4920037
GG
107
Gene Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
5-HT2A
5-HT2A-rs6314 GG
5-HT2A-rs6313 AA
5-HT2A-rs6311 TT
9p21 9p21-rs4977574 GG
ABCG2 (Q141K)
ABCG2 (Q141K)-
rs2231142
GG
ACAT1-02 ACAT1-02-rs3741049 GG
ACE1 G2350A ACE1 G2350A-rs4343 AG
ACE2 A8790G
ACE2 A8790G-
rs2106809
AG
ACSL1 ACSL1-rs9997745 GG
ACTN3 ACTN3-rs1815739 CC
ADD1 ADD1-rs4961 TG
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ-rs2241766 TG
ADRB2 ADRB2-rs1042713 GG
AGTR1 AGTR1-rs5186 AC
ALDH2 ALDH2-rs671 GG
ANKK1 ANKK1-rs1800497 AG
APB1 APB1-rs10156191 TC
APOA2 APOA2-rs5082 AG
APOE
You have the ApoE e2/e3 genotype,
improving cholesterol transport and the
maintenance of brain neurons. The ApoE
e2 allele is more protective against
cognitive decline, heart disease, and is
associated with a greater probability for
longevity.
APOE-rs7412 TC
APOE-rs429358 TT
ARMS2 ARMS2-rs10490924 GG
ATM D1853N
ATM D1853N-
rs1801516
AG
BCMO1 A379V
BCMO1 A379V-
rs7501331
CC
BCMO1 R267S
BCMO1 R267S-
rs12934922
AT
BDNF BDNF-rs6265 CC
CAT C-262T CAT C-262T-rs1001179 CC
CBS 191150T
CBS 191150T-
rs4920037
GG
108
Gene Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
CBS A13637G
CBS A13637G-
rs2851391
TT
COL1A1 COL1A1-rs1800012 CC
COMT
COMT-rs4680 GG
COMT-rs4633 CC
COQ2 COQ2-rs4693596 CC
CTH CTH-rs1021737 GG
CYP1A1 CYP1A1-rs1048943 TT
CYP1A2 CYP1A2-rs762551 AC
CYP1B1*6 L432V
CYP1B1*6 L432V-
rs1056836
GG
CYP2C19*17
CYP2C19*17-
rs12248560
CC
CYP2C9*3 A1075C
CYP2C9*3 A1075C-
rs1057910
AA
CYP2D6 T100C
CYP2D6 T100C-
rs1065852
AA
CYP2R1 CYP2R1-rs10741657 AG
CYP3A4*1B CYP3A4*1B-rs2740574 TT
DAO C2029G
DAO C2029G-
rs1049793
CC
DHFR A20965G
DHFR A20965G-
rs1643659
TT
DHFR C19483A
DHFR C19483A-
rs1677693
GG
DI01 DI01-rs2235544 AC
DI02 DI02-rs225014 TT
ESR2
ESR2-rs4986938 TC
ESR2-rs2987983 GG
F5 F5-rs6025 CC
FAAH FAAH-rs324420 CC
FADS1 FADS1-rs174546 TC
FADS2
FADS2-rs1535 AG
FADS2-rs174575 CG
FTO
FTO-rs9939609 AT
FTO-rs17817449 TG
109
Gene Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
FUT2
FUT2-rs601338 GG
FUT2-rs1047781 AA
GAD1
GAD1-rs3749034 AG
GAD1-rs769407 GG
GAD1-rs3791851 TT
GAD1-rs3791850 AG
GAD1-rs2241165 TC
GATA3 GATA3-rs4143094 GG
GPX1 GPX1-rs1050450 AG
GSTM1 GSTM1-rs366631 AG
GSTP1 C341T
GSTP1 C341T-
rs1138272
CC
GSTP1 I105V GSTP1 I105V-rs1695 AG
HFE-C282Y HFE-C282Y-rs1800562 GG
HNMT HNMT-rs1050891 AG
HNMT C314T
HNMT C314T-
rs11558538
TC
IL6 IL6-rs1800795 CG
LCT LCT-rs4988235 AA
LPA LPA-rs3798220 TT
MAO-A MAO-A-rs6323 TG
MAT1 MAT1-rs2993763 GG
MDM2 MDM2-rs2279744 TT
MLH1 MLH1-rs1800734 GG
MTHFD1 G1958A
MTHFD1 G1958A-
rs2236225
GG
MTHFR 1298
MTHFR 1298-
rs1801131
TG
MTHFR 677 MTHFR 677-rs1801133 AG
MTR A2756G
MTR A2756G-
rs1805087
AA
MTRR A66G MTRR A66G-rs1801394 AG
NAT2 NAT2-rs1495741 AA
NBPF3 NBPF3-rs4654748 TC
110
Gene Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
NOS1
NOS1-rs545654 CC
NOS1-rs7298903 TT
NOS1-rs3782218 TT
NOS2 NOS2-rs2248814 GG
PEMT
PEMT-rs12325817 CC
PEMT-rs7946 CC
PON1 PON1-rs662 TT
PPAR-alpha PPAR-alpha-rs1800206 CC
PPARGC1A PPARGC1A-rs8192678 TT
SHBG
SHBG-rs12150660 TG
SHBG-rs1799941 AG
SHBG-rs6258 CC
SIRT1 SIRT1-rs7895833 AA
SLC22A5
SLC22A5-rs1045020 CC
SLC22A5-rs17622208 AG
SLC22A5-rs2073643 TC
SLC22A5-rs274549 CC
SLC22A5-rs274550 TT
SLC22A5-rs274551 CC
SLC22A5-rs274570 CC
SLC22A5-rs274558 AA
SLC22A5-rs274557 TT
SLC22A5-rs17689550 CC
SLC22A5-rs274567 CC
SLC22A5-rs671473 CC
SLC22A5-rs2631359 CC
SLC22A5-rs4646301 GG
SLC22A5-rs274571 AA
SLC22A5-rs635619 GG
SLC22A5-rs2073642 CC
SLC23A1 SLC23A1-rs33972313 CC
SOD2 SOD2-rs4880 AG
TCF7L2 TCF7L2-rs7903146 CC
111
Gene Gene Rsid Wild Type Heterozygous Homozygous
TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2-rs2070788 GG
TNFA TNFA-rs1800629 GG
TP53 TP53-rs1042522 CC
112
